anaheim-gazette 1912-05-30

Precooling and Preicing of Oranges by Shipper Statement to Growers by Citrus Protective League (Contributed to The Gazette) The Interstate Commerce Commission in the opinion of January 14, 1911, opinion No. 1477, decided that after April 15, 1911, the shipper may precool and preice carloads of oranges and the railroad, when transporting such cars without further icing, may charge for the refrigeration service not to exceed $7.50 per car. The Commission stated also that the railroads may as a condition of making this charge, require the shipper to load the car of oranges seven tiers wide and two tiers high. The charge exacted by the railroads preceding the decision of the Commission was $30.00 and this charge the commission found to be unreasonable. After the decision of the commission the carriers endeavored to secure an injunction in the United States Commerce Court enjoining the enforcement of the order of the commission, but the commerce court declined to grant it. The railroads then filed tariffs establishing the $7.50 rate per car from points in Southern California to the east, but immediately afterwards filed other tariffs which cancelled the former tariffs and withdraw the privilege of pre-icing. Upon protest from the Citrus Protective League, the Interstate Commerce Commission suspended the tariffs cancelling the prelicensing privilege. The question then was argued before the interstate commerce commission as to the right of carriers to cancel their precooling tariffs and thereby a better understanding of the questions involved. The precooling of citrus fruits has two principal objects in view; first, to retard or prevent decay while the fruit is in transit, and second, to cheapen the present cost of transporting the fruit to market. Citrus fruits that are free from mechanical injuries or that are not attacked by black navel rot, or that have not been made susceptible to decay from other causes, will not decay in transit under any system o' shipment. Precooling will not affect the keeping quality of such fruit one way or the other except that it will arrive in market in a fresher condition than when shipped without ice. A low temperature such as 35 degrees will retard decay in fruit that is susceptible and will prevent most of it in transit provided it is cooled quickly after picking. A temperature of 32 degrees will not stop the slow development of blue molds if the decay has started before the fruit is cooled. The nearer the cooling reaches the freezing point the more effectively will it check the decay, though if the oranges are to be kept for several weeks in a low temperature it is better not to store them in a temperature lower than 40 degrees. The shipper is also interested in precooling as a means of cheapening the cost of transporting the fruit to market. It has been found that oranges cooled to 35 degrees quickly after picking and packed seven rows wide and two tiers high in the car instead of six rows wide and two ties: Upon protest from the Citrus Protective League, the Interstate Commerce Commission suspended the tariffs cancelling the prelicensing privilege. The question then was argued before the interstate commerce commission as to the right of carriers to cancel their precooling tariffs and thereby withdrew the privilege which they had granted in establishing the $7.50 rate. In the decision of April 8, 1912, opinion No. 1851 the interstate commerce commission ordered the railroads on or about May 20, 1912, to cancel these tariffs and supplements which withdrew the prelicensing privilege. It held that the shippers have the right to precool, that $7.50 per car is a reasonable charge for the carriers to make for the service in that connection, that the tariffs withdrawing that charge are unlawful and that the present tariffs covering the $7.50 charge or their equivalent should be continued in effect. The right of the shipper to precool and preice carloads of oranges is therefore established unless the order of the interstate commerce commission should be set aside by the court. The refrigeration charges from California points on standard cars of oranges and lemons are $60 to the Missouri river; $62.50 to Chicago and similar points; $72.50 to Buffalo and Pittsburg; $75 to New York; and $77.50 to Boston. In the opinion of January 14, 1911, (No. 1477) the commission found that the cost of precooling and preicing a car of oranges as practiced by the shippers including interest on the investment and depreciation on the plant, is from $30 to $35-a fair average being $32.50. The total cost of precooling and preicing as practiced by the shipper, plus the railroad charge of $7.50 will therefore be $40. If these figures are correct the shipper is able to effect the following saving on the present standard charge for refrigeration on carloads of oranges precooled and preiced for forwarded without recing. Place—Missouri river, present rate of refrigeration, $60; cost of precooling and preicing, plus the charge of $7.50, $40; saving to the shipper per car, $20. Chicago and similar points, $62.50—$40—$22.50. Buffalo and Pittsburg, $72.50—$40—32.50 The shipper is also interested in precooling as a means of cheapening the cost of transporting the fruit to market. It has been found that oranges cooled to 35 degrees quickly after picking and packed seven rows wide and two tiers high in the car instead of six rows wide and two ties: high as in standard refrigeration, can be transported throughout the United States with the initial iceing of the car only at least during a large part of the refrigerating season. The ice bunkers are kept closed throughout the trip. The cost of reicing in transit as practiced under standard refrigeration is thereby eliminated and the earning capacity of the car is increased by the heavier load. It therefore has an influence on the freight revenue and on the cost of refrigeration. By loading the different sizes of cars seven rows wide instead of six and two tiers high, the car contains 64, 66, or 68 more boxes, or a total of 448, 462, or 476 boxes, depending on the size of the car used. The load is increased 4608, 4752, or 4896 pounds. The revenue from the carload at $1.15 per hundred weight is increased $52.99, $54.65, or $56.30. There are several methods of cooling fruit for shipment that may be considered by the shipper. The leading methods are: (a) a central refrigerating plant from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing house (c) cooling rooms in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed to hotels, markets, stores and to other places. In Los Angeles, the condensed ammonia gas is distributed through five miles of insulated pipes. Where several packing houses are located close together such a plant may be constructed and the refrigeration piped to each house; or cold storage or ice making plants already in operation may be utilized to furnish refrigeration through a pipe line to the packing houses. The ice for the initial iceing of the cars could be manufactured at this plant and a general ice-making and cold storage business might be combined will it check the decay, though if the oranges are to be kept for several weeks in a low temperature it is better not to store them in a temperature lower than 40 degrees. The shipper is also interested in precooling as a means of cheapening the cost of transporting the fruit to market. It has been found that oranges cooled to 35 degrees quickly after picking and packed seven rows wide and two tiers high in the car instead of six rows wide and two ties: high as in standard refrigeration, can be transported throughout the United States with the initial iceing of the car only at least during a large part of the refrigerating season. The ice bunkers are kept closed throughout the trip. The cost of reicing in transit as practiced under standard refrigeration is thereby eliminated and the earning capacity of the car is increased by the heavier load. It therefore has an influence on the freight revenue and on the cost of refrigeration. By loading the different sizes of cars seven rows wide instead of six and two tiers high, the car contains 64, 66, or 68 more boxes, or a total of 448, 462, or 476 boxes, depending on the size of the car used. The load is increased 4608, 4752, or 4896 pounds. The revenue from the carload at $1.15 per hundred weight is increased $52.99, $54.65, or $56.30. There are several methods of cooling fruit for shipment that may be considered by the shipper. The leading methods are: (a) a central refrigerating plant from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house refrigerated by a mixture of ice and salt. In Los Angeles, St. Louis, New York, Boston and other cities there are central refrigerating plants from which the refrigeration is distributed in the form of condensed gas or as cold brine to each packing house; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house冰箱; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house冰箱; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house冰箱; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house冰箱; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house冰箱; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house冰箱; (b) a mechanical refrigerating plant with cooling rooms installed in each packing-house冰箱; The Pomona fruits in one of its houses stalled a refrigerator fifty tons capacity. The machine is openly horse power oil high grade of distillate with this plant five with a capacity of five been installed and fitted by fans from this plant through this plant. The precooling planately $40,000. An ice has not been installed with this house, thus pending upon commissions for this supply initial loading of this plant. The ice and salt similar to mecchinic plan except that it is produced bythe East Highlands ararat chambers as plant from which circulated through this fans. This plan is Cooper or gravity refrigeration. The Orange Association limits 150 cars of fruits edited a plant with a stock 12 cars and with an annual purchase fee without freight on this plant cost about The advantage in consumers in nearby areas saving on the present standard charge for refrigeration on carloads of oranges precooled and preiced for forwarded without reicing. Place—Missouri river, present rate of refrigeration, $60; cost of precooling and preicing, plus the charge of $7.50, $40; saving to the shipper per car, $20. Chicago and similar points, $62.50—$40—$22.50. Buffalo and Pittsburg, $72.50—$40—32.50. New York, $75—$40—$35. Boston, $77.50—$40—$37.50. Since the decision of the commission was announced there has been much discussion by the shippers of the methods of cooling fruit for shipment that are adapted to their conditions. A number of organizations have perfected plans for the precooling and preicing of the fruit and others have the question under advisement. It is not the purpose of this circular to advise the shippers one way or the other, whether they should undertake to precool and preice their fruit. That is a business question. It can only be decided by each shipper after he has looked into the matter. There is a great deal of misapprehension regarding the purpose of precooling and still more in regard to the systems of precooling. The whole question has not yet passed the experimental stage, and the shipper should satisfy himself that it is a wise business step before he decides to undertake to prepare his fruit for shipment in this manner. It is the purpose of this circular to briefly describe several of the systems of precooling so that the shipper may have condensed ammonia gas is distributed through five miles of insulated pipes. Where several packing houses are located close together such a plant may be constructed and the refrigeration piped to each house; or cold storage or ice making plants already in operation may be utilized to furnish refrigeration through a pipe line to the packing houses. The ice for the initial icing of the cars could be manufactured at this plant and a general ice-making and cold storage business might be combined with it in order to utilize the plant throughout the year. The building of a central plant of this kind is a large business undertaking, requiring $150,000, or more, depending on the size and capacity of the plant. For precooling alone such a plant would not be practical, but if its establishment should be considered in connection with a general ice-making or a cold storage business the shipper should consult at every step with competent, experienced refrigerating engineers before arriving at a final decision. The Pomona fruit growers exchang which cools from 400 to 500 carloads per year in one of its houses, utilizes the refrigeration from a nearby ice-making plant. It has constructed in the basement of the packing house, six rooms with a combined storage capacity of 42 cars of fruit. The refrigeration is piped to coil rooms in the packing house, and the cold air is distributed by fans through the fruit rooms. It requires about 48 hours under these conditions to cool the fruit to 35 degrees. The cooling rooms represent an investment of $25,000 to $30,000. It costs the Exchange 4 cents a box to cool the fruit, $2 a car to place the fruit in The advantage in the fact that the management of a complicate plant. It is easily depreciation is common. The practicability depends on the prices shipper can purchase cost more per ton this type of plant ice manufactured at chemical ice plant expense and the man gravity brine system and he will have to against the other in comparative merits items. The efficiency of plant depends entire construction and insulation If poorly insulated it built properly the increase higher and the operational war. The shipper in the mistake of in Thorough insulation factor in the succeeding plant. There are insulating materials used of applying it. ANAHEIM GAZETTE the rooms and remove it to the car on gravity rollers, $3 to $3.25 a ton for the ice in the bunkers of the car, and the interest, depreciation and taxes on the plant, or a total expenditure of about $32.50 a car. Wherever the shipper can utilize a refrigerating plant already constructed as the Pomona growers have done, the precooling question is greatly simplified. A refrigerating plant located in a packing house may combine ice manufacture for general use and for the icing of the cars. It may include also a cold storage business, or it may be used for precooling alone. The advantage of such a plant lies in placing the refrigerating facilities entirely in the hands of the shipper. The disadvantage lies in the fact that the operation of an ice-making and general refrigerating plant is a specialized business. It requires skilled management of a type that only a large business can afford to employ. The shipper who contemplates such a plant should consult with experienced engineers and should consider it from every standpoint before reaching a final decision. The East Highlands association has installed a complete cold storage and ice-making plant in the packing house. It has six rooms with a combined storage capacity of 24 cars of fruit. The plant has a capacity of 20 tons refrigeration for precooling, or about 5 carloads per day, and reduces the temperature of the fruit to 33 degrees in 48 hours. It cost about $50,000 to install the refrigerating and ice-making plant and to construct the storage rooms. The fruit is cooled by gravity air circulation from the refrigerating pipes which are located above the fruit rooms. The ice used in precooling, which is made at the plant, is said to cost the association about $2.25 a ton. The association manufactures ice for general use and supplies it to need to investigate this matter carefully through competent refrigerating engineers or through dealers in insulating materials. The rapidity of cooling the fruit depends primarily on the difference between the temperature of the cold air and the temperature of the fruit; secondarily, it depends on the method of circulating the air over the fruit. Low temperature and rapid circulation means quick cooling, but there is a limit in both temperature and rapidity of circulation beyond which it is not safe or economical to go. This limit is still in the experimental stage. As a general principle, the air should be as cold as the fruit will stand without injury. When the fruit is warm the temperature of the air may be below the freezing point without danger to the fruit. How low it is safe to run the temperature under these circumstances is still in the experimental stage. When low temperatures are used, it is necessary to provide heavier refrigerating machinery and better insulation to insure against an excessive loss of refrigeration through the walls of the building. To cool the fruit uniformly in all parts of a package requires 24 hours or more of time. Quicker refrigeration by extremely low temperature subjects the exposed fruit to the danger of freezing. It results in the uneven cooling of the fruit in the packages and in the different parts of the room and is expensive on account of the comparatively large loss of refrigeration through the walls of the chill room during the cooling of the fruit. The amount of refrigeration required to cool a carload of fruit to a desired temperature depends on the initial temperature of the fruit; the temperature to which it is to be reduced, and the insulation of the plant. To reduce the temperature of the fruit and the package alone will biological survey's fuel testing plant in St. Louis of samples of lignite taken from a mine near Wilton, a short distance north of the Bismarck quadrangle, but as the lignite in this quadrangle is not essentially different the results are of value in showing the general nature and composition of the fuel. These analyses and tests made showed a surprising success with lignite in producer-gas plants. The following statement has been made concerning the efficiency of North Dakota lignite in the gas-producer and gas engine: "The result of the steam test was so unsatisfactory that there is nothing by which a direct comparison can be made of the efficiency of the fuel used in the producer-gas plant as compared with the efficiency developed in the steam plant. Nevertheless a comparison of the results obtained on other coals under the steam boiler is instructive. The table shows that to produce one electrical horsepower hour in the producer-gas plant required 2.29 pounds of dry North Dakota lignite, whereas to produce the same result in the steam plant required 3.39 pounds of the best West Virginia coal. This means that the North Dakota lignite, with the moisture eliminated, will do more work when used in a producer-gas plant than the best coal of the country will do in a steam plant." A number of tests have been made by the fuel-testing plant of the survey and later by the bureau of mines to determine the best methods of brinetesting North Dakota lignite. It has been found that the lignite can be briquetted, some of it without a binder, and that its efficiency is thereby materially increased. The briquetted product also stands weathering and handling much better than the raw material. Steaming tests have also been or about 5 carloads per day, and reduces the temperature of the fruit to 33 degrees in 48 hours. It cost about $50,000 to install the refrigerating and ice-making plant and to construct the storage rooms. The fruit is cooled by gravity air circulation from the refrigerating pipes which are located above the fruit rooms. The ice used in precooling, which is made at the plant, is said to cost the association about $2.25 a ton. The association manufactures ice for general use and supplies it to consumers in nearby towns. The Pomona fruit growers exchange in one of its houses has recently installed a refrigerating machine of fifty tons capacity for cooling alone. The machine is operated by a ninety horse power oil engine using a high grade of crude oil or a low grade of distillate. In connection with this plant, five precooling rooms with a capacity of ten cars each have been installed and the air is circulated by fans from the refrigerating plant through the precooling rooms. The precooling plant cost approximately $40,000. An ice-making plant has not been installed in connection with this house, the association depending upon commercial ice-making plants for the supply of ice for the initial loading of the cars. The ice and salt cooling system is similar to the mechanical refrigerating plan except that the refrigeration is produced by the melting of a mixture of ice and salt instead of by the expansion of a mechanically condensed gas, such as ammonia or carbon dioxide. In this type of plant the shipper constructs insulated fruit rooms. The refrigeration is carried by calcium chloride brine which has been cooled by the contact of the brine pipes with a mixture of salt and ice located in tanks about the fruit rooms. The cold brine circulates automatically and may be piped above the fruit rooms as in the East Highlands plant, or to separate chambers as in the Pomona plant, from which the cold air is circulated through the fruit rooms by fans. This plan is known as the Cooper or gravity brine system of refrigeration. The Upland Heights Orange Association at Upland handles 150 cars of fruit and has installed a plant with a storage capacity of 12 cars and with a cooling capacity of 3 cars per day. The association purchases the ice for the precooling and the prelicensing at $3.75 per ton, including freight on the ice to Upland. The plant cost about $11,000. The advantage in this system lies in different parts of the room and is expensive on account of the comparatively large loss of refrigeration through the walls of the chill room during the cooling of the fruit. The amount of refrigeration required to cool a carload of fruit to a desired temperature depends on the initial temperature of the fruit; the temperature to which it is to be reduced, and the insulation of the plant. To reduce the temperature of the fruit and the package alone will require an amount of refrigeration as set forth in the following: Range of Cooling—100 to 35 degrees; tons of refrigeration Required to cool oranges, 448 boxes, 3.20 tons. 90 to 35 degrees—4.11 tons. 80 to 35 degrees—5.03 tons. 70 to 35 degrees—5.94 tons. The figures above represent the actual amount of melting ice required to reduce the temperature of the fruit and packages. To these figures should be added at least one-half more refrigeration, depending on the insulation and construction of the plant. It is probably safe to estimate that it would require six tons of ice or refrigeration to reduce a carload of 448 boxes from 80 to 35 degrees. To this must be added about 6-1-2 tons for the initial iceing of the car, making thereby a total of about 13 tons of ice required to cool a carload of fruit over the range of temperature specified and to fill the bunkers of the car. G. Harold Powell, Secretary and Manager. Los Angeles, May 29, 1912. UNDER AN INTERIOR SEA Facts About North Dakota Will Be Perused With Interest by Local Dakota Readers During the remote period of the earth's history known as Cretaceous time North Dakota, along with the rest of the Great Plains region, was submerged beneath an interior sea. The earliest sediments of this ancient sea became the present rock for mation known as the Dakota sandstone, which lies more than 2000 ft. below the surface of the Bismarck quadrangle. Other bodies of sediments were subsequently laid down in this sea, which finally withdrew from the region, the later formations being deposited along streams and in marshes and swamps. The vegetation which grew in these marshes resulted in the lignite deposits which are today found in great beds underlying the area. A number of tests have been made by the fuel-testing plant of the survey and later by the bureau of mines to determine the best methods of briqueting North Dakota lignite. It has been found that the lignite can be briquetted, some of it without a binder, and that its efficiency is thereby materially increased. The briquetted product also stands weathering and handling much better than the raw material. Steaming tests have also been made with specially constructed fire boxes and grates and the results are highly satisfactory, as the efficiency of this lignite when properly fired is so increased as to compare very favorably with that of fuel of higher grades. The Bismarck folio also includes a description of the shallow and deep wells of the area and the character of the solls. It contains an excellent topographic map of the area, from surveys by Basil Duke and J. G. Staack, of the United States geological survey, and a map showing the areal geology. The Bismarck quadrangle was studied by the United States geological survey in cooperation with North Dakota geological survey and the description of the geology and mineral resources of the area is written by Arthur G. Leonard, state geologist of North Dakota. In the field work Mr. Leonard was assisted by W. H. Clark and R. L. Sutherland, of the state survey. A copy of Folio 181 may be obtained for 25 cents from the Director of the Geological Survey, Washington,D.C. A Letter Received by O.M. Skinner & Son, Reo Agents for Northern Orange County Having auto fever I visited several different firms who showed me the real good things about each. After careful judgment I decided to invest in a 5 passenger Reo. Never sitting behind a wheel before, I took my first lesson and after driving 200 miles by the spedometer, loaded in my trunk and pharaopheralia, which weighed about 400 pounds, and my wife and I started out of Sacramento for Los Angeles, fording rivers, climbing mountains, driving through deep sands and reached Los Angeles without a dollar of expense to the machine excepting gas. Sometimes I would go as far as 70 miles on 4 The advantage in this system lies in the fact that the shipper is relieved of the management and maintenance of a complicated refrigerating plant. It is easily operated. The depreciation is comparatively small. The practicability of the system depends on the prices at which the shipper can purchase the ice. It may cost more per ton for the ice for this type of plant than the cost of ice manufactured at the shippers mechanical ice plant. The operating expense and the maintenance of the gravity brine system will be less and he will have to balance one against the other in considering the comparative merits of the two systems. The efficiency of a precooling plant depends entirely on the construction and insulation of the rooms. If poorly insulated the building can be constructed cheaply and the cost of operation will be excessive. If built properly the initial cost will be higher and the operating expenses lower. The shipper is likely to make the mistake of insulating cheaply. Thorough insulation is an essential factor in the success of a precooling plant. There are many kinds of insulating materials and many methods of applying it. The shipper will mation known as the Dakota sandstone, which lies more than 2000 ft. below the surface of the Bismarck quadrangle. Other bodies of sediments were subsequently laid down in this sea, which finally withdrew from the region, the later formations being deposited along streams and in marshes and swamps. The vegetation which grew in these marshes resulted in the lignite deposits which are today found in great beds underlying the area. Great Trees and Huge Land Reptiles Flourished The fossils that have been found in the Bismarck quadrangle plainly show that as many as 400 species of plants lived at this early time, among them being a Sequoia which is related to the giant redwood of California and the remains of which have been preserved in the rocks. During this period of mild climatic conditions when swamp vegetation flourished great land reptiles such as dinosaurs were abundant, especially the massive Triceratops, which must have roamed in large numbers along the shores of lake and swamp. The principal mineral resources of the Bismarck quadrangle, besides the surface and underground water, are lignite, clay, gravel, and sand. When freshly mined the North Dakota lignite is usually lusterless and massive, but on exposure it rapidly breaks down or "slacks" into small shiny cubical blocks, and this tendency is one of the greatest obstacles to be overcome if the fuel is to be consumed in plants so located as to necessitate long hauls by rail or much handling of the material. Analyses and producer-gas tests were made at the United States geo- A REAL FAIRYLAND Right Here in Southern California PICTURESQUE and BEAUTIFUL. A playground grand enough for the gods. Eighteen thousand level acres as fertile and productive as the sun ever shone on, and every foot under a high state of cultivation. Great APRICOT, PEACH, WALNUT, PEAR and ORANGE ORCHARDS — MILES of the best AIFALFA FIELDS in the State. The soil is easy to work, just like one big mellow garden. WATER, literally oceans of it, and you never tasted such water in your life. It's fit to be bottled and sold by the pint and quart. This pure, sparkling ELIXIR OF GOOD HEALTH is already piped by a network of underground conduits all over the country, and at a PRICE BELOW ANY IN THE STATE. Likewise, these lands, together with the water, are being sold for JUST ONE-HALF what is asked for other lands that in any way approach them in productiveness, and RIGHT UNDER THE WING OF LOS ANGELES. To live on a ranch in this valley is like ranching in a city. In fact, our most distant acre is but a suburb to one of the prettiest, as well as the most quaint and homelike, little cities in the whole of Southern California, the City of San Jacinto. Its citizens are hospitable to a fault. You are scarcely in the valley a day till you feel acquainted with everyone. In truth, you cannot find a more desirable, HOMELIKE, HEALTHFUL or PROSPEROUS place to make your home, for either ranch or business purposes. The FERTILE, SEMI-TROPICAL SAN JACINTO VALLEY is conceded by everyone who knows to be the most ideal home place in the whole State. Its whole arrangement is artistic and beautiful to look upon. It reminds one of an IMMENSE SUNKEN GARDEN, surrounded as it is on three sides by a chain of most beautiful decorated mountains, its panorama of COZY HOMES, well-groomed ranches and STATELY CASTLES on the little knolls. It's a beauty spot really beyond description. It should be seen. A committee has been appointed with autos to show everybody around free of charge, and you will be under no obligation for the sight. Write a card for further information. Better still, COME AND SEE IT AT ONCE, for this is truly the cream of the whole country. Do not worry about terms. They will be made to suit your convenience. Three hours by auto or by Santa Fe from Los Angeles, come over in the morning, back in the evening, (near Riverside). San Jacinto Board of Trade, Old First National Bank Bldg., San Jacinto, Cal. Look for another message in this paper next issue. Send card for photographs and further particulars. PLACENTIA GIBBS LUMBER FULLERTON ANAHEIM GROCERIES We carry a complete stock of Staple Groceries and Canned goods; also fresh vegetables and fruit. Always fresh and first class H. A. DICKEL Buy Lots in Zeyn Tract NOW More than a fourth of these fine residence lots have been sold. Sidewalks and curbs will be completed and the streets graded and oiled in about one more month, when prices of remaining lots will be advanced. Best building restrictions in the city. To cash purchasers we will loan money to build if desired. Secure a lot for your home before prices are raised. More than a fourth of these fine residence lots have been sold. Sidewalks and curbs will be completed and the streets graded and oiled in about one more month, when prices of remaining lots will be advanced. Best building restrictions in the city. To cash purchasers we will loan money to build if desired. Secure a lot for your home before prices are raised. SEE P. H. KRICK AT Office: 113 East Center St. Residence, 315 North Los Angeles Street, ANAHEIM - CALIFORNIA THE Union Brewing Co, OF ANAHEIM Brewers and Bottlers of the celebrated Anaheim Beer & German Brew Our Beer is made and sold strictly on its merits in kegs and bottles. A trial order will convince you of the Truth. Our Deliveries are Very Prompt.