anaheim-gazette 1911-08-17
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CITRUS FRUIT INSECTS
Half Million Dollars Expended Annually in Their Control
That insect pests are one of the important factors in the citrus fruit industry of Southern California is shown by the fact that more than half a million dollars are expended annually in their control. This amount includes only what is actually expended in fumigation and spraying, and does not take into consideration the loss of fruit from improperly treated trees or trees not treated at all. The cost of fumigation in one county alone amounts to $200,000 annually.
Furthermore, each county maintains a horticultural commissioner, and many of them a corps of inspectors, primarily on account of insect enemies, who are charged with the quarantine and inspection work, the cost of which in some of the counties may run as high as $25,000 annually. That all of this vigilance is necessary seems to be warranted from the thirty years experience of the most important citrus fruit section of the United States.
It has been estimated that the average cost of fumigation per tree, taking the whole of the citrus belt, amounts to about 30 or 40 cents, and means an expense of approximately $30 to $40 per acre, and this is done on an average about every other year. This is intensive insect fighting, but when the improved market value of the fruit is considered, it is money judiciously spent with such a valuable crop as the orange or lemon.
Commercial citrus culture in California is confined to seven counties south of the Tehachapi mountain range, namely, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Diablo, San Diego, Ventura, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, San Diego,
important pest thus far. Other insects which attack the fruit occasionally are grasshoppers, katydids and cutworms. Other biting insects attacking the leaves only are Fuller's rose beetle and the common Diabrotica.
A couple of dozen species will thus cover all the insects of economic importance attacking citrus trees in California, and of these, practically, all of the control work is directed against but four of the scale insects, the black, the red, the yellow, and the purple scale. The present publication is intended to give a popular account of all these species likely to be considered of economic importance, together with their chiefendant parasites or enemies. This will include a discussion of their life history and habits, mainly since the principal reliance for control, which is fumigation, is discussed in separate publications from this station and also the department at Washington.
The Black Scale.—The black scale ranks first among the citrus pests of Southern California. This statement is based upon the amount of control work actually directed against it,and its wide distribution throughout the citrus belt. The purple scale and the mealy bug may be more difficult insects to control, but their distribution is not so general as that of the black. In the county horticultural commissioners' reports tabulated,the black scale is given first place in three counties,Los Angeles,Santa Barbara,and Orange. The second in two counties,Ventura and San Diego. While the mealy bug is given first place in Ventura,它 will be noticed that most of the control work is directed against the black. This scale also has a wider distribution in San Diego county than the purple,
CONTROLLING
Dredging and Dykes Stream Wide
Within six months river will be effected from the Santiago east corner of Santa its to tidewater,miles. A contract for dredging a changing up dykes. The astrous floods of prevented.
For years heartseasons swelled ther. Coming downand reaching pointthe river spread owest, covering a west and southwest For a good manmen took theseof course and theres losses,cursed therfor their lands towork them.
Six years ago men of the lowidea that only byof the lands damforke could protecttimes the countyan endeavor tooRanchmen onthedike and turnthe Ranchmen onthebigger dike andspread westward.
The result ofthat Attorney E.neer H. Clay Kelmen set afoota sulted in the passtection district lasvides that any
means an expense of approximately $30 to $40 per acre, and this is done on an average about every other year. This is intensive insect fighting, but when the improved market value of the fruit is considered, it is money judiciously spent with such a valuable crop as the orange or lemon.
Commercial citrus culture in California is confined to seven counties south of the Tehachapi mountain range, namely, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego, and the two counties north of this range namely, Tulare in the upper San Joaquin Valley, and Butte in the upper Sacramento Valley. The southern counties form a section contiguous to the coast line, and which has a coastal climate, excepting the Riverside-Redlands district, which approaches the interior conditions on account of its distance from the ocean (60 to 75 miles), without being separated by a well-defined natural barrier. The San Joaquin and Sacramento Valley citrus districts have the typically interior climate which is characterized by hotter summers than that of the more equable coast counties.
These general climatic differences appear to account for the differences in the insect pests, not only of the northern and southern sections, but also within the latter section itself, since even here there is a wide range of variation. However, it is not safe to speak too confidently of the influence of climate on insect distribution. Time has changed a number of ideas to correspond with the facts as they exist today. It had been asserted that California need have no fear of the citrus white fly, yet this pest got a fairly good foothold in a part of the state least unsuited to it, according to theory. It was also held that the black scale would not exist in the Riverside section, yet it occurs there and attacks citrus trees. Likewise, the purple was supposed not to become a pest in arid California, and, if it did become established, it would be limited to a narrower range than its distribution at the present time indicates. In general, however, it may be said that the black scale thrives the best in sections near the coast, as shown by its prevalence in the citrus belt from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and also on deciduous trees in the coast counties of the north. The interior valley citrus sections are not troubled with the black scale, though it may occur there on such insects to control, but their distribution is not so general as that of the black. In the county horticultural commissioners' reports tabulated, the black scale is given first place in three counties, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and Orange. The second in two counties, Ventura and San Diego. While the mealy bug is given first place in Ventura, it will be noticed that most of the control work is directed against the black. This scale also has a wider distribution in San Diego county than the purple, and should probably be entitled to first place there. Where control work is directed against the purple, and the black is associated with it, the extra dosage used against the former keeps the black well in check, otherwise it would have to be reckoned with separately. The only sections where the black is not considered a serious pest in the south are certain sections of Riverside and San Bernardino counties. The chief injury occasioned by the black scale is not due so much to the loss of sap through feeding, nor is it due to the poisonous effect on the plant tissues through the insertion of its thread-like mouth parts. The black scale excretes large quantities of so-called honey dew which falls upon the upper surface of the leaves and fruit, and this serves as a medium for the growth of a fungus known as the sooty mold fungus. This necessitates washing of the fruit, which operation alone adds to the cost of handling, but the chief injury is due to the wash water becoming infected with blue mold and other fungi. Since the fruit comes in contact with the sides of the tank; brushes, elevators, and drying racks, it is impossible to escape some abrasion of the fruit, into which the spores of the fungus readily make their way.
Regarding the washing of oranges, Powell in Bulletin 123 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.D.A., says the following:
"Oranges are washed primarily to remove the sooty mold fungus that grows in the so-called honeydew exuded by the black scale. The Valencia orange is sometimes washed to raise the grade by making the fruit clean and attractive, and the Washington Navel is occasionally washed with that end in view.
When the present investigation by the Bureau of Plant Industry was undertaken, from one third to one half of the oranges of California were washed, practically all the fruit in some sections being treated in this way, especially where the growers had been ever confident in the para-insects to control, but their distribution is not so general as that of the black. In the county horticultural commissioners' reports tabulated, the black scale is given first place in three counties, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and Orange. The second in two counties, Ventura and San Diego. While the mealy bug is given first place in Ventura, it will be noticed that most of the control work is directed against the black. This scale also has a wider distribution in San Diego county than the purple, and should probably be entitled to first place there. Where control work is directed against the purple, and the black is associated with it, the extra dosage used against the former keeps the black well in check, otherwise it would have to be reckoned with separately. The only sections where the black is not considered a serious pest in the south are certain sections of Riverside and San Bernardino counties. The chief injury occasioned by the black scale is not due so much to the loss of sap through feeding, nor is it due to the poisonous effect on the plant tissues through the insertion of its thread-like mouth parts. The black scale excretes large quantities of so-called honey dew which falls upon the upper surface of the leaves and fruit, and this serves as a medium for the growth of a fungus known as the sooty mold fungus. This necessitates washing of the fruit, which operation alone adds to the cost of handling, but the chief injury is due to the wash water becoming infected with blue mold and other fungi. Since the fruit comes in contact with the sides of the tank; brushes, elevators, and drying racks, it is impossible to escape some abrasion of the fruit, into which the spores of the fungus readily make their way."
The result of that Attorney E. Neer H. Clay Kellemen set afoot a result in the passage district lakes vides that any flood may organize whatever engineer sary to establish tion from overflow.
The very first der that law was protection District.
Came from the two interested Newpene district are 18 ing all ofthe terrie west of Santa Ana flow. The dist logg,drew plans channel and estl require $185,000 t a bad flood in one do $100,000 in detry,the sum did big to most o f th voted $185,000 b
This was four bonds were not w ous opposition. They were brought att he law,the p prethe district and th preme Court held trict and th boo valid,and th N District and iith hands had been were in a positio
It was then to againstthe pos 1910-11 season,b dollars were spertective measures channel held thre reached a point ectric bridge on th line. There th ey both banks,most and nearly 2000 a beets were flooded th e acreage wa Some of it was b irrigation,since A Newbert Prote estimates th e to flood as $50,000,a age to th Pac tracks.
By spring th e has sold its $185
come established, it would be limited to a narrower range than its distribution at the present time indicates. In general, however, it may be said that the black scale thrives the best in sections near the coast, as shown by its prevalence in the citrus belt from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and also on deciduous trees in the coast counties of the north. The interior valley citrus sections are not troubled with the black scale, though it may occur there on such plants as the olive and oleander. The purple scale, thus far, is limited to the coast counties, occurring with the black, but not of such wide distribution. The red and yellow scales occur both near the coast and in the interior, though they are considered the more typical scales of the warmer interior sections.
Aside from the scale insects mentioned, the next most general citrus tree pests, according to a bulletin received from the Agricultural Experiment Station at Berkeley, prepared by Prof. H. J. Quayle, are to be found among the spiders and mites. The Florida red spider and the six-spotted mite are widely distributed, while the silver mite of the lemon is restricted to a limited section in San Diego county. The mealy bug has become a rather serious pest in certain limited sections in Ventura and San Diego counties, and also smaller infestations in other counties. The soft brown, cottony cushion, and a few other scales sometimes occur in considerable numbers over small areas, but are not usually considered permanent pests. A species of the thrips has recently come into prominence as a pest in the San Joaquin section. The orange tortrix is the only insect that burrows into the orange itself to any extent, and this fortunately has not become a very
THOUGHT THEY DID IT
Two young Americans touring Italy for the first time stopped off one night at Pisa, where they fell in with a carnival party at a cafe. Going hilariously home, one pushed the other against a building and held him there.
"Great heavens," cried the man next the wall, suddenly glancing up at the structure above him. "See what we're doing." Both roysters fled.
They left town on an early morning train, not thinking it safe to stay over and see the famous leaning tower.
POLL TAXES
County Assessor James Sleeper this week made his settlement with County Auditor Lester for poll taxes collected by himself and deputies. The assessor's office collected 6948, the largest number of poll taxes ever collected in Orange county before they went delinquent. Last year 615 were collected. The poll tax went delinquent last Monday afternoon at 5 o'clock, and it is now $3 instead of $2.00.
The most feasible engineer was right of way waived or condemned, and tude of the property.
The channel in the center of the channel is to be than four feet wide from each feet wide. On the natural growth of vegetation will be Outside the berries of the right of way constructed the level four feet high, bottom and twentytop. It will be so will be protected growth of the bed feet a wing dam will make the wedge cleared and dredge levees are to be grass to strengthen.
The contract for building of the levee the Stewart Dr Minnesota at 150 yard. The comp
CONTROLLING THE RIVER
Dredging and Dyking Will Keep the Stream Within Channel
Within six months the Santa Ana river will be effectively harnessed from the Santiago creek at the northeast corner of Santa Ana's city limits to tidewater, a distance of 10.5 miles. A contract was let last month for dredging a channel and for throwing up dykes. The recurrence of disastrous floods of past years will be prevented.
For years heavy storms in wet seasons swelled the Santa Ana river. Coming down from the canyon and reaching points near Santa Ana the river spread out to the east and west, covering a vast stretch to the west and southwest of Santa Ana. For a good many years the ranchmen took these floods as a matter of course and they swallowed their losses, cursed the river and waited for their lands to dry so they could work them.
Six years ago a number of ranchmen of the lowlands conceived the idea that only by forming a district of the lands damaged and by paying for the making of a permanent channel could protection be secured. At times the county had spent money in an endeavor to confine the waters. Ranchmen on the west would build a dike and turn the river to the east. Ranchmen on the east would build a bigger dike and the river would spread westward.
The result of the suggestion was that Attorney E. E. Keech and Engineer H. Clay Kellogg and the ranchmen set afoot a movement that resulted in the passage of the river-protection district law. This law provides that any district subject to on three big dredgers, and will commence work within a week. Under the contract the job must be completed before January 1st, which means that the Santa Ana river will be kept within a defined channel next year, at least so far as the 17,000 acres that form the Newbert Protection District are concerned.
But the Newbert Protection District does not protect a large territory that may be and has been subject to overflow. The district, however, is an example to this remaining territory, and during the last year and a half there has been widespread agitation in this unprotected territory for the formation of a district.
The Santa Ana river leaves the canyon at Yorba, flows down between Olive on the one hand and the Fullerton and Anaheim country on the other. Further down it flows between West Orange on the one hand and the Garden Grove country on the other. It then reaches the point near the junction with the Santiago creek where the Newbert protection district will begin its permanent channel work.
From Yorba to the Santiago creek is danger territory, particularly on the east side. The flood of January 1st, 1910, covered a large cultivated acreage near Anaheim, Fullerton and Garden Grove. On the east bank the flow was at no place over half a mile from the river banks, and, owing to the lay of the land, the danger zone is small on that bank. So far, efforts to organize the property owners on the west side into a protection district have failed, although there are many of the ranchmen who are anxious to undertake the formation of a district.
TAFT INVITED TO COME
Will Be Present at San Francisco Ground-Breaking
(S correspondence of The Gazette)
SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 15.—The Exposition directors have telegraphed the President an urgent invitation to come to San Francisco for the formal ceremonies of breaking ground for the exposition.
It is expected that by the latter part of October or early in November the actual location of the more important buildings will have been settled, so that when President Taft lifts a shovelful of earth he will do actual work on construction.
It is unnecessary to say that the city and state are in most hearty accord with the exposition management in extending this invitation to the president. Should he find it possible to accept it, he may be sure of a reception which will be a surprise even to one who has faced enthusiastic multitudes in all parts of the world.
California remembers President Taft as an original friend of San Francisco in the contest for the exposition, and when Californians really feel that they owe a debt of that kind it is only fair to ourselves to say that we know how to find ways of most royally meeting it.
San Francisco always delights to do honor to a president of the United States. It always delighted to do honor to William H. Taft before he was president.
Whether as governor-general of the Philippines or secretary of war, he won the confidence and admiration of our people as a wise and useful official and their enthusiastic regard
The county had spent money in an endeavor to confine the waters. Ranchmen on the west would build a dike and turn the river to the east. Ranchmen on the east would build a bigger dike and the river would spread westward.
The result of the suggestion was that Attorney E. E. Keech and Engineer H. Clay Kellogg and the ranchmen set afoot a movement that resulted in the passage of the river-protection district law. This law provides that any district subject to flood may organize, vote bonds and do whatever engineering work is necessary to establish permanent protection from overflow.
The very first district formed under that law was the Newbert Protection District. The name Newbert came from the two communities most interested, Newport and Talbert. In the district are 17,000 acres, comprising all of the territory west and south west of Santa Ana subject to overflow. The district's engineer, Kellogg, drew plans for a permanent channel and estimated that it would require $185,000 to do the work.Since a bad flood in one season's time can do $100,000 in damage and not half try, the sum did not look so very big to most of the farmers. They voted $185,000 bonds.
This was four years ago. The bonds were not voted without strenuous opposition. Three separate suits were brought attacking the validity of the law, the procedure of forming the district and the bonds. The Supreme Court held that the law, the trict and the bonds were legal and valid, and the Newbert Protection District and its directors, whose hands had been tied by litigation, were in a position to do business.
It was then too late to do much against the possible floods of the 1910-11 season, but several thousand dollars were spent in temporary protective measures. The temporary channel held the waters until they reached a point near the Pacific Electric bridge on the Huntington Beach line. There the flood went out on both banks, mostly toward Talbert and nearly 2000 acres of young sugar beets were flooded. A large share of the acreage was partially ruined. Some of it was benefited by the deep irrigation, since the season was dry. A Newbert Protection District official estimates the total damage of that flood as $50,000, including the damage to the Pacific Electric railway tracks.
By spring the protection district has sold its $185,000 bonds, and plans Garden Grove. On the east bank the flow was at no place over half a mile from the river banks, and, owing to the lay of the land, the danger zone is small on that bank. So far, efforts to organize the property owners on the west side into a protection district have failed, although there are many of the ranchmen who are anxious to undertake the formation of a district.
SLEEPER'S FIGURES STAND
State Board Will Make No Changes In Them
The state board of equalization is not likely to make any change in the figures of County Assessor James Sleeper in his assessment of the Pacific Electric. Sleeper was before the state board sitting in Los Angeles, some days ago, and was closely questioned by State Controller A. B. Nye.
Sleeper showed that his assessment was no higher than the assessment in Los Angeles county, and while his raise was a big raise the new figures were not out of proportion to the value of the operative property.
After the hearing the members of the board stated that they did not believe they would make any change in the assessment.
This assessment was made so that the operative property may pay its share of the bonded indebtedness of the county. The regular taxes of the operative property all go to the state Sleeper's raises were as follows: Right of way and roadbed, single track, raised from $5000 per mile to $7500; double tracks, raised from $10,000 a mile to $15,000; franchises, assessed last year all over the county at $4000 per mile, raised to $5000 per mile outside of cities to $15,000 per mile in Santa Ana and $10,000 per mile in Newport Beach and Huntington Beach. On all rolling stock Assessor Sleeper made a raise of 15 per cent.
Sleeper was questioned but little concerning his raises of the operative stock of the other railways. In fact, about the only direct question concerning the other roads was his raise on the steam road sidings,and which he increased from fifty cents per foot to $1 per foot.
BOOM TOWN RECALLED
The sound of an auctioneer's voice on the courthouse steps on Thursday afternoon took hearers back to the boom of '88. The auctioneer was County Tax Collector J. C. Lamb, selling lots in the one-time town of Carlton. The lots were sold for tax fee that they owe a debt of that kind it is only fair to ourselves to say that we know how to find ways of most royally meeting it.
San Francisco always delights to do honor to a president of the United States. It always delighted to do honor to William H. Taft before he was president.
Whether as governor-general of the Philippines or secretary of war, he won the confidence and admiration of our people as a wise and useful official and their enthusiastic regard for his delightful personal qualities.
Coming as he can come now, as president of the United States, who to the extent that was proper favored San Francisco in our contest to secure national recognition for our exposition, and upon the ceremonial occasion which will mark the beginning of the physical work of construction, he will do his part with the enthusiastic plaudits, not only of the people of this city, but of hosts assembled from all parts of California and the Pacific Coast. If he will come, we will make the ground-breaking a red letter day, not only in our history, but in his.
The date of the ceremony can doubtless be made to suit the president's convenience, but if he can arrange to be here on Portola day, which falls in the last week in October, the occasion would be a happy and auspicious linking of the event which is the most ancient in our recorded history with one which is to celebrate what we believe will be our entrance on a most glorious future.
The man, the official and the occasion will all be alike inspiring and all San Francisco will hope that the president will add by his presence to the enthusiasm and the dignity of the occasion.
Resolutions adopted by the Commonwealth Club at its dinner at the St. Francis hotel August 9th:
Resolved, by the Commonwealth Club of California, at its regular meeting held on August 9, 1911, that
Whereas, the directors of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company have tendered to the president of the United States an urgent invitation to be present and take part in the ceremonies of ground-breaking for the exposition, the Commonwealth club, whose membership extends to all sections of the state, does most earnestly urge the president, if consistent with other public duties, to lend by his presence the dignity which is due to the inauguration of an undertaking of national magnitude to celebrate;the comple-
both banks, mostly toward Talbert and nearly 2000 acres of young sugar beets were flooded. A large share of the acreage was partially ruined. Some of it was benefited by the deep irrigation, since the season was dry. A Newbert Protection District official estimates the total damage of that flood as $50,000, including the damage to the Pacific Electric railway tracks.
By spring the protection district has sold its $185,000 bonds, and plans were made for the big permanent work. While Engineer Kellogg advised a wider channel, it was concluded to secure a right of way and establish a permanent river channel. The most feasible route laid out by the engineer was selected and the right of way was donated, purchased or condemned, according to the attitude of the property owners.
The channel proper is to occupy the center of the right of way. This channel is to be dredged to not less than four feet deep, and is to vary in width from eighty to one hundred feet wide. On this level space the natural growth of willows and other vegetation will be allowed to stand. Outside the berms and on the edges of the right of way are to be constructed the levees, which will be four feet high, fifty feet wide at the bottom and twenty feet wide at the top. It will be seen that these levees will be protected by the natural growth of the berms. Also every 1000 feet a wing dam is to be built, which will make the water keep inside the cleared and dredged channel. The levees are to be planted to pampas grass to strengthen them.
The contract for the dredging and building of the levees has been let to the Stewart Dredging Company of Minnesota at 15 3-8 cents per cubic yard. The company is going to put
BOOM TOWN RECALLED
The sound of an auctioneer's voice on the courthouse steps on Thursday afternoon took hearers back to the boom of '88. The auctioneer was County Tax Collector J. C. Lamb, selling lots in the one-time town of Carlton. The lots were sold for taxes long since delinquent, and because the taxes were piled higher than the land was worth the board of supervisors allowed the sale to be made for less than the aggregate taxes.
The purchasers at the auction-sale were G. T. Barr, ten blocks; H. C. Head, seventy-five lots; P. S. Yorba thirteen lots; F. L. Valenzuela, six lots.
The town of Carlton was laid out between Yorba and Olinda in 1887. A bank was erected, and workmen started building a railroad that was headed for nowhere and never got there because the boom broke. After the boom the buildings were moved away and within a few years those who had bought lots quit paying the taxes, and the property went to the state.
The coming of the Pacific Electric that way and the growth of the oil fields prompted the investments at the recent sale.
LIMIT FOR WEEK
Elsie's Papa—That young man Harold has called every evening this week; that's enough. Elsie—Yes, papa, for this week.
Watch, clock and jewelry repairing. First class work guaranteed. Theo Roberts.
Resolved, that in respect to the Panama-Pacific international exposition, the time of deliberation having passed and the time of action having arrived, this club for this occasion, which is not to be taken as a precedent, will throw its traditional policy of caution and investigation to the winds and unanimously get in and boost.
DIAZ ASKED TO COME BACK
LUCERNE, Switzerland, Aug. 15. General Diaz, former president of Mexico, has received many cablegrams from opponents of Francisco I. Madero, urging him to return Mexico and restore order. One from the Mexican society of New York informs the deposed executive that the society is getting up a huge petition begging him to intervene in Mexican disorders. The society has re-elected Diaz as president. General Diaz does not heed these communications and is looking for a villa here. His health is excellent and he takes excursions of short duration into the surrounding country.
THURSDAY, August 17
WHEN YOU'VE HARVESTED YOUR COIN PUT IT IN THE BANK
For those who wish a Conservative, yet progressive Bank at their command, we offer ours for their accommodation. We respectfully refer those who are not our patrons to those who are.
Make OUR Bank YOUR Bank.
First National Bank of Anaheim
Electric Power Is The Cheap Power
Because: Cost of installation is less; labor for operating is saved;
less floor space is required; friction and wear and tear are reduced
to a minimum; repair bills are obviated; injury to building by vibration is eliminated; there is no loss in the shafting and pulleys;
no energy lost in getting started; always ready; always reliable;
service is always perfect.
Southern California Edison Co.
Electric Power Is The Cheap Power
Because: Cost of installation is less; labor for operating is saved;
less floor space is required; friction and wear and tear are reduced
to a minimum; repair bills are obviated; injury to building by vibration is eliminated; there is no loss in the shafting and pulleys;
no energy lost in getting started; always ready; always reliable;
service is always perfect.
Southern California Edison Co.
Nagel's Hardware
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Hardware, Garden Hose, Garden Tools, Poultry Wire, Screen Wire,
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AnaheimSanitarium
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Board of Directors
S. Kraemer, President
W. M. Wickett, Vice Pres't
C.E. Holcomb, Secy-Treas
J..L Beebe
H. A. Johnston
Medical and Surgical Staff
Dr. H. A. Johnston
Dr. J. L. Beebe
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Phone Main 1646
MISS. A. SLINGSLY, Supt.