anaheim-gazette 1911-07-20

IRRIGATION IN ARIZONA Modern Methods Used for Developing Fertile Fields of Territory Irrigation, which for the most part is a prerequisite to agriculture in Arizona, was first practiced in that region by ancient peoples. In the valleys of the Little Colorado, Salt, and Gila Rivers, and along the Verde river and smaller tributaries are found unmistakable remains of ditches and reservoirs, together with ruins of the cliff dwellings and the communal houses of tribes which had been scattered long before the advent of the Spanish explorers. The character of these remains indicates that these ancient Indians possessed considerable skill in the art of irrigating. Their ditches and reservoirs were finished with hard linings of tamped or burnt clay, and one instance is known where a main canal was cut for a considerable distance through solid rock. Sometimes a smaller ditch was sunk in the bottom of a large canal to facilitate the carriage of small runs of water, and thus seepage and evaporation were diminished in times of scant flow. The ancient canals in the Salt River valley aggregated a length of at least 150 miles and were sufficient for the irrigation of 250,000 acres of the land, although it is not likely that the whole of this area was ever watered at any one time. In the ruins of the houses of grouted clay are found relics of cotton and corn; also beans, squashes, and tobacco were grown. The Pimas and Papagos, who are probably descendants of this prehistoric people, have continued to water and till the soil. The Pimas particularly are good irrigating farmers. reclaimed as could be irrigated from Salt River in seasons of scant flow. Nevertheless, during a series of wet years that followed, additional areas were put under cultivation until a great deal more ground was nominally reclaimed than could be irrigated by the "critical minimum" water supply. The inevitable hardships which resulted from this condition during ensuing dry years, especially 1898-1904, led to anxious discussion of remedial measures and prepared the way for the construction under United States reclamation service auspices off the Roosevelt storage dam, which is now (March, 1911), completed. The second largest irrigated district in Arizona is in Graham county on the upper Gila River. It was settled by Mexican colonists in 1874, and later by the Mormons in 1879. As in the Salt River Valley, there has been a tendency to overappropriate lands under the available water supply, and with consequent distress in dry years. Thus far, however, conditions in this locality are prosperous, owing to the fact that the flow of the Gila river at this point is comparatively regular and fairly adequate to irrigate the area under cultivation, although the total amount of land under ditch is in excess of the water supply. The Colorado River Valley, although the most extensive and potentially the richest and best watered of the agricultural regions, is the last to be developed through irrigation, principally because of the unmanageable character of this eccentric river and the large expense of the permanent irrigation works required for its control. Although a few small enterprises near Yuma have achieved temporary successes during the past 15 years, it was not until the United States reclamation service undertook and wide valleys decelerily in altitude from the line. to the Colorado Francisco mountain, so no in north-central Arizona in altitude, is the high land, the lowest being river bottoms at the ary below Yuma, while ranging down to 83 minimum stream flow. Nearly the whole loss of Arizona passes Colorado river to the nia. The Little Colorado of the run-off of the teau into the Grand main stream, while it lects the drainage of southern parts of it joins the Colorado j. The indigenous territory corresponds calities to varying climates especially rainfall at Mountain masses and 5000 feet elevation, their cooler tempera rainfall, are in larger ten very densely so intermediate elevation ested zone are covered grasses and oftentimes resistant perennials. In amount and value grow less, and they come most extreme rado river.. The new watered soil along here and there b support a dense and of vegetation which pical in character a rich returns to the natural resources of water are administered. The principal indies are mining, stock raiand transportation. principal metal min the irrigation of 250,000 acres of the land, although it is not likely that the whole of this area was ever watered at any one time. In the ruins of the houses of grouted clay are found relics of cotton and corn; also beans, squashes, and tobacco were grown. The Pimas and Papagos, who are probably descendants of this prehistoric people, have continued to water and till the soil. The Pimas particularly are good irrigating farmers. They are a sedentary tribe, which, since modern records began, has maintained itself in the Salt and Gila river valleys in south-central Arizona. Their nomadic relatives, the Papagos, taking advantage of the uncertain rains which chance upon them utilize the run-off from summer storms, soak their soil, and plant the quick-growing crops of corn, beans, squashes and melons. The several tribes along the Colorado river—the Mohaves, Chemehuevis, Yumas, and Cocopahs—grow crops in that fertile valley after a peculiar method necessitated by the behavior of the river. Their main crop season begins immediately after the subsidence of the annual flood in July. Millets are sown in the mud flats exposed by the falling waters, much after the fashion of Egyptian irrigators under the old basin system used along the Nile. Other crops, such as corn, squashes, and melons are planted, as soon as the bottom lands are dry enough, in pits sometimes 2 feet deep, from which the plants issue quickly in profuse growth. Sufficient moisture is thus brought within the reach of the plant roots by this method of deep planting to insure a crop without further irrigation. The first European irrigators in Arizona were, according to a bulletin just received from the department of agriculture at Washington, without doubt, the Jesuits, who first established themselves at the old missions of Guevavi and San Xavier in 1732. It was not until the more prosperous period from about 1768 to 1822, however, that there was any considerable development of irrigation at favorable points along the Santa Cruz river, near the missions and the Spanish presidios of Tubac and Tucson. During the chaotic period of Mexican rule which followed acequias were maintained, orchards were planted,and annual crops of barley, wheat, corn, tobacco, beans, melons, squashes, and peppers—both native and introduced crops — were cultivated. Although from an engineering standpoint the head works and canals of this per-though the most extensive and potentially the richest and best watered of the agricultural regions, is the last to be developed through irrigation principally because of the unmanageable character of this eccentric river and the large expense of the permanent irrigation works required for its control. Although a few small enterprises near Yuma have achieved temporary successes during the pas 15 years, it was not until the United States reclamation service undertook the construction of the Laguna barrage that the irrigation of considerable areas was assured. The completion of this barrage in March, 1909, presages the early irrigation in Arizona of 90,000 acres of alluvial bottom lands, and later of about 40,000 acres of adjacent mesa. Along the Little Colorado, the Verde, the San Pedro, and the Santa Cruz rivers and many smaller streams numerous ditches take practically the whole of the minimum flow for the irrigation of little farms leveled, often with much labor, in nooks and corners of an angular country. The progress of irrigation in Arizona during the pioneering stage of American occupation may be suggested by the following summary: Areas irrigated in Arizona at different dates: In 1854, 2000 acres actually irrigated; 1880, 65,821 acres; 1899, 185,-396 acres; 1909, 227,770 acres. (Note.—Lands irrigated by uncivilized Indians within the territory not included. According to Rev. C. H. Cook, who has lived among the Pimas since 1870, that tribe in 1854 irrigated about 3000 acres on the Gila below Sacaton. The Moquis and the Navajos in the north, the Mohaves and Chemehuevis on the Colorado river, the Apaches, and the nomadic Papagoes of the southwestern district all irrigated small patches of ground aggregating possibly an additional 2,-000 acres. A fair approximation of land crudely farmed by the Indian tribes in 1854 is 5000 acres.) The continuation of a development which has increased the irrigated area from 2000 to 228,000 acres in the 55 years of American occupation is worthy of study. With the whole of the minimum surface flow of the territory now in use and only flood waters escaping, it is evident that any further expansion of agricultural industry must depend upon the storage of flood waters, the development of underground supplies and improved cultural methods. Arizona has an area of 113,956 sq.miles of which all but about 116 sq.miles most extreme rado river.. The most watered soil along here and there b support a dense and richical in character as rich returns to the in natural resources of water are administered. The principal industries are mining, stock raising and transportation. Principal metal mines having led the state with a smelter outpounds in 1907,and in 1908.The produce Arizona up to the about 3,000,000,000 value approximating $ Agriculture,the three principal industries is just enteredof rapid advancement eas cultivated andof the cultural metacluctuating flows ower streams.with noof water supply atunmanageable floorheretofore restrictedthe operations off.The installationof clamation service near Salt River Valleythe Colorado riverthe consequent stionofthe principal suppliesofthe terrestablea majorityofworkwith theirunder perfect comroprops returns,thepossible,theall-yearofthe southeernextensivemethodswand varied producvalues far above age humid regionstes. development of irrigation at favorable points along the Santa Cruz river, near the missions and the Spanish presidios of Tubac and Tucson. During the chaotic period of Mexican rule which followed acequias were maintained, orchards were planted, and annual crops of barley, wheat, corn, tobacco, beans, melons, squashes, and peppers—both native and introduced crops—were cultivated. Although from an engineering standpoint the head works and canals of this period were of the simplest construction and of small extent, the Mexican people were skillful in the management of water and possessed an agricultural aptitude well expressed by them in their phrase "el mano por sembrar"—the planting hand. They also adopted certain ideas in equity, and customs relating to the distribution and use of water, which are approved in the best irrigation practice of the present time. Among these was the rule that water is appurtenant to the land. The Americans in Arizona received their first instruction in irrigation from the Mexicans. The third, or modern, stage of agricultural development may be said to date from the Gadsden purchase in 1854, after which increasing numbers of Americans — military followers, stragglers from the immigrant stream to California, and pioneers by instinct—began to make permanent homes in the land. Irrigation in the Salt River Valley began soon after the close of the Civil War, when military occupation of the region was resumed and the army posts offered the settlers both safety and remunerative prices for their products. Canal construction was rapid, beginning with the old Swilling Ditch in 1867, and 20 years later about as much land had been developed. Arizona has an area of 113,956 sq miles, of which all but about 116 sq miles, or over 99.9 per cent, is land surface. The territory is situated in the midst of the semiarid, subtropical region of the southwestern part of the United States and northwestern Mexico. Its remoteness from communications by land or sea and the heretofore more attractive domains of Texas and California on either side, have left it to be one of the last of the commonwealths to be developed. The mining, stock raising, and agricultural industries, however, are in a stage of rapid advancement now. This great oblong of primitive country—about 340 by 390 miles in its extreme dimensions—may be divided nearly equally into two distinct climatic zones by a somewhat irregular diagonal line running from the point where the Gila river enters the territory to that point on the Nevada boundary where the Colorado river turns southward. The region north and east of this line consists in large part of comparatively level plateaus 5000 to 8000 feet above sea level, diversified by isolated buttes and short mountain chains, and cut by eroded canyons, chief among which is the tremendous chasm of the Colorado river. The southwestern half of the territory is less elevated and is crossed from northwest to southeast by a succession of low mountain ranges. With the whole of the minimum surface flow of the territory now in use and only flood waters escaping, it is evident that any further expansion of agricultural industry must depend upon the storage of flood waters, the development of underground supplies and improved cultural methods. George S. Patton dressed the last material Union of some telling argument, the gentleman request of the South society opposed Patton in speaking evils of woman sex. "But I now probably of what I conceive threatened evils to women to the state; particular gays as against their pressions that they hands of women wives." "Women, even those such as comrade are prone to compulsion men of much infidelity. They say ballot to this ignition do I not know me say: 'My coachmen whom I pay can wipe more than the wages?' But this sideration. One is the same chauffeur laborer can bear called to bear arms laws which they have when women decide of universal suffrage select individuals must treat their s ANAHEIM GAZETTE and wide valleys decreasing gradually in altitude from the New Mexico line to the Colorado river. San Francisco mountain, an extinct volcano in north-central Arizona, 12,794 ft. in altitude, is the highest point of land, the lowest being the Colorado river bottoms at the Mexican boundary below Yuma, with an elevation ranging down to 83 feet at times of minimum stream flow. Nearly the whole visible water loss of Arizona passes by way of the Colorado river to the Gulf of California. The Little Colorado pours most of the run-off of the northeastern plateau into the Grand Canyon of the main stream, while the Gila river collects the drainage of the central and southern parts of the territory and joins the Colorado just above Yuma. The indigenous vegetation of the territory corresponds in different localities to varying climatic conditions especially rainfall and temperature. Mountain masses and plateaus above 5000 feet elevation, by reason of their cooler temperature and greater rainfall, are in large part forested, often very densely so. The valleys of intermediate elevation below the forested zone are covered in season by grasses and oftentimes with drought-resistant perennials. These decrease in amount and value as the altitudes grow less, and the conditions become most extreme toward the Colorado river.. The narrow ribbons of watered soil along the rivers, widened here and there by artificial means support a dense and luxuriant growth of vegetation which is largely subtropical in character and indicative of rich returns to the irrigator when the natural resources of climate, soil and water are administered effectively. The principal industries of Arizona are mining, stock raising, agriculture, and transportation. Copper is the principal metal mined, the territory must bear in mind that the ballot to them does not mean the ballot to the most intelligent of them, but it means the ballot to the day laborer's wife, who if anything, is much more ignorant of public affairs than is her husband, who by the way is actually frequently one of the most intelligent of voters. Statistics of the last election from the state of Oregon show that of the women entitled to exercise the franchise in that state but twenty percent voted. Ask yourselves of what character of women that twenty percent was most likely composed? "The very best that can be said upon this topic is that suffrage for women means a doubling of the present vote without in any material sense changing the character of that vote for the better. There are as many ignorant women as ignorant men, and their votes are more likely to find their way into the ballot-boxes than the votes of the more refined and intelligent women. "And again no woman would today advocate the displacement of men in all the walks-of business life and the substitution in their places of women. What would become of the business of the United States today if such a change were made. Yet, in the governmental affairs of this state, to give universal suffrage to women is to work a change nearly as drastic. The making of laws is no light thing. It requires not only wisdom to determine what is the right kind of law, but much technical knowledge, so to put the law in words as to embody the principle and not work injury. What shall be said of the power and wisdom of laws to be framed by such a tremendously new and inexperienced and uneducated lawmaking force, a lawmaking force which begins and ends with only the ability to make laws and can exercise no power whatever to compel their matte deposits in the vicinity. A copy may be obtained on application to the Director of the Geological Survey at Washington, D. C. BOY SCOUT DEPARTMENT What Scouting Means—Notes For Anaheim Boys In all ages there have been scouts, the place of the scout being on the danger line of the army or at the outposts, protecting those of his company who confide in his care. The army scout was the soldier who was chosen out of all the army to go out on the skirmish line. The pioneer, who was out on the edge of the wilderness, guarding the men, women and children in the stockade, was also a scout. Should he fall asleep, or lose control of his faculties, or fail on his watch, then the lives of the men, women and the children paid the forfeit, and the scout lost his honor. But there have been other kinds of scouts beside war scouts and frontier scouts. They have been the men of all ages who have gone out on new and strange adventures, and through their work have benefited the people of the earth. Thus, Columbus discovered America, the Pilgrim Fathers founded New England, the early English settlers colonized Jamestown, and the Dutch built up New York. In the same way the hardy Scotch-Irish pushed west and made a new home for the American people beyond the Alleghanies and the Rockies. These peace scouts had to be just as careful as any war scouts ever were. They had to know how to live in the woods, and to be able to find their way anywhere, without other chart or compass than the sun and stars, besides being able to interpret come most extreme toward the Colorado river.. The narrow ribbons of watered soil along the rivers, widened here and there by artificial means support a dense and luxuriant growth of vegetation which is largely subtropical in character and indicative of rich returns to the irrigator when the natural resources of climate, soil and water are administered effectively. The principal industries of Arizona are mining, stock raising, agriculture, and transportation. Copper is the principal metal mined, the territory having led the states of the union with a smelter output of 256,778,437 pounds in 1907, and of 289,523,267 lbs in 1908. The production of copper in Arizona up to the end of 1909 totals about 3,000,000,000 pounds, with a value approximating $400,000,000. Stock raising on the open range, principally sheep and cattle, is a very important industry, notwithstanding the great decline in grazing values since 1893. The problems of range administration are now being worked out in the forest reserves of the territory, which on December 31, 1910, embraced about 14,811,145 acres of important watershed areas wholly or partially forested. Agriculture, the youngest of the three principal industries of the territory, is just entering upon a period of rapid advancement both in the areas cultivated and in the intensity of the cultural methods employed. The fluctuating flows of the irrigating river streams, with consequent failures of water supply at critical times and unmanageable floods at others, have heretofore restricted and discouraged the operations of irrigation farmers. The installation of the two great reclamation service projects, one in the Salt River Valley and the other on the Colorado river near Yuma, and the consequent storage and regulation of the principal irrigating water supplies of the territory, will soon enable a majority of Arizona farmers to work with their moisture conditions under perfect control. Certainty of crop returns, the diversity of crops possible, the all-year growing season of the southeern valleys, and the intensive methods will lead to a high and varied productiveness, with land values far above those of the average humid regions of the United States. OPPOSED TO SUFFRAGE George Patton Tells of Reasons for Faith That Is In Him George S. Patton of Los Angeles ad dressed the last meeting of the Minis- HISTORIC IRON DEPOSITS Of historic interest is a pamphlet (Bulletin 470-F) just published by the United States Geological Survey as an advance chapter from "Contributions to Economic Geology, 1910, part 1," on the iron ores in the Montevallo-Columbiana region, Alabama, by Charles Butts. In the course of a geologic survey of the area mapped by the survey as the Bessemer quadrangle, Mr. Butts made an examination of a number of ore deposits,and chief of which is the noted limonite deposit at Shelby. Actual operations in this section were begun in 1844 with the construction of a furnace having a daily capacity of 5 tons of cold-blast charcoal pig iron, and work has been practically continuous since that time. The iron made there early acquired a high reputation, and as a result of a comparative test of Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee ir- New York. In the same way the hardy Scotch-Irish pushed west and made a new home for the American people beyond the Alleghanies and the Rockies. These peace scouts had to be just as careful as any war scouts ever were. They had to know scoutcraft. They had to know how to live in the woods, and to be able to find their way anywhere, without other chart or compass than the sun and stars, besides being able to interpret the meaning of the slightest signs of the forest and the foot tracks of animals and men. They had to know how to live so as to keep healthy and strong in order that they might be able to face any danger that came their way,and to help one another. These scouts of old were accustomed to take chances with death any day and they did not hesitate to give up their lives in helping their comrades or country. In fact, they left every thing behind them—comfort and peace, in order to push forward into the wilderness beyond. And much of this they did,because they felt it to be their duty. These little known scouts could be multiplied indefinitely by going back into the past ages and reading the histories and stories of the knights of King Arthur, of the Crusaders,and of the great explorers and navigators of the world. Wherever there have been heroes, there have been scouts, and to be a scout means to be prepared to do the right thing at the right moment, no matter what the consequences may be. The way for achievement in big things is the preparing of one's self for doing the big things—by going into training and doing the little things well. It was this characteristic of Livingstone,the great explorer, that made him what he was,and that has marked the career of all good scouts. To be a good scout one must know something of woodcraft. He ought to know something about the animals that live in the woods. This can be done by following their tracks and by creeping on them quietly,sо that the animals can be studied in their natural state. In this way one can learn their ways and habits. The scout should never shoot an animal unless it is necessary. There is more sport in stalking animals by photographing them,and in coming to know them than there is in hunting to kill them. But woodcraft means more than this. It means not only the following OPPOSED TO SUFFRAGE George Patton Tells of Reasons for Faith That Is In Him George S. Patton of Los Angeles ad dressed the last meeting of the Ministerial Union of that city, and gave some telling arguments against suffrage, the gentleman speaking at the request of the Southern California Association opposed to suffrage. Mr. Patton in speaking of the threatened evils of woman suffrage, said: "But I now propose to speak briefly of what I conceive to be the threatened evils of woman suffrage, evils to women themselves, evils to the state; particular and specific dangers as against the vague general expressions that the ballot in the hands of women will do so much good. "Women, even the highly intelligent ones such as compose my audience, are prone to compare themselves with men of much inferior education and ability. They say: 'You give the ballot to this ignorant day laborer, do I not know more than he?' They say: 'My coachman or chauffeur whom I pay can vote. Does he know more than the woman who pays his wages?' But this is not the true consideration. One answer to it is that the same chauffeur and the same day laborer can bear arms and may be called to bear arms in defense of the laws which they have made. But when women discuss the question of universal suffrage they must not select individuals of their sex. They must treat their sex as a mass. They by the survey as the Bessemer quadrangle, Mr. Butts made an examination of a number of ore deposits, and chief of which is the noted limonite deposit at Shelby. Actual operations in this section were begun in 1844 with the construction of a furnace having a daily capacity of 5 tons of cold-blast charcoal pig iron, and work has been practically continuous since that time. The iron made there early acquired a high reputation, and as a result of a comparative test of Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee irons made at Columbus, Ga., in 1852, an order for 1000 tons was given, the largest ever placed in Alabama up to that time. A rolling mill was later completed in Alabama in 1860, at which armor plates were made for the confederate government. The Merrimac, which for a time created such consternation among the Union war ships and which later was a participant in the memorable battle with the Monitor, was armored with these plates. In 1863 a larger furnace was built, with a daily capacity of 30 tons. This was equipped with warm-blast ovens and was the first furnace to make warm-blast charcoal iron in Alabama. This furnace was burned in 1865 at the time of Wilson's raid. The output of the two furnaces at Shelby at the present time is about 25,000 tons a year. Mr. Butts also describes iron-ore deposits 3 miles west of Brierfield from which ore was obtained for the Bibb furnace from the time of its establishment in 1862 until its abandonment about 1895. It is said that iron smelted at this furnace was manufactured into cannon at Selma for use by the confederate army during the civil war. The paper also gives descriptions of smaller limonite and he- The scout should never shoot an animal unless it is necessary. There is more sport in stalking animals by photographing them, and in coming to know them than there is in hunting to kill them. But woodcraft means more than this. It means not only the following of tracks and other signs, but it means to be able to read them. To tell how fast the animal which made the tracks was going; to tell whether he was frightened, suspicious, or unsuspicious. Woodcraft also enables the scout to find his way, no matter where he is. It teaches him the various kind of wild fruit and roots and nuts, etc. which are good for food, or are the favorite food of animals, and so be able by this means to know where to find them. By woodcraft a scout may learn any number of things. He may be able to tell what animal has made the tracks, or whether it be men, bicycles, automobiles, or other vehicles. He can tell by very slight signs, as such as the sudden flying of birds, that some one is moving near him though he may not be able to see the person. A MEAN SLAM "I saw the lovely Miss Wombat yesterday. She says she hopes you are going to Newport again this August." "I think I shall. Will she be there?" "No; she is going to Europe." DONT DO THAT! YOU'LL WANT IT SOME DAY The money many men "fool away" in one year would start them on the road to true independence. When one has once begun to travel this road by banking his money he never turns back. It's a comfortable feeling. Make OUR Bank YOUR Bank First National Bank of Anaheim Electric Power Is The Cheap Power Because: Cost of installation is less; labor for operating is saved; less floor space is required; friction and wear and tear are reduced to a minimum; repair bills are obviated; injury to building by vibration is eliminated; there is no loss in the shafting and pulleys; no energy lost in getting started; always ready; always reliable; service is always perfect. Southern California Edison Co. Electric Power Is The Cheap Power Because: Cost of installation is less; labor for operating is saved; less floor space is required; friction and wear and tear are reduced to a minimum; repair bills are obviated; injury to building by vibration is eliminated; there is no loss in the shafting and pulleys; no energy lost in getting started; always ready; always reliable; service is always perfect. Southern California Edison Co. Nagel's Hardware 136 E. Center St., Anaheim, Cal., handles everything in light and heavy Hardware, Garden Hose, Garden Tools, Poultry Wire, Screen Wire, Lawn Mowers, Oil Stoves, Gas Stoves, Plates and Ranges, Refrigerators, Ice Cream Freezers, Queensware, Glaseware, Tinware, Graniteware, Cooking Utensils, and a full line of Paints and Oils. A. NAGEL 136 E. Center St., Anaheim, California SOMETHING NEW TO LOOK AT In our space of this paper. You are invited to call at our store and get a 50c Poultry Book and Sample Package of Conkey's Laying Tonic, Free. No matter whether you buy or not we want you to have a book. We also carry a full line of Hay, Grain, Wood, Coal, Poultry Supplies, Stock Foods, Etc. H. H. Gardner Co. 114 N. Los Angeles St. Anaheim, Cal. C. B. HALLEY, Manager. PHONES, HOME 1542 MAIN 91 W.L.KREUSCHER Plumbing, Steam and Gas Fitting W.L.KREUSCHER Plumbing, Steam and Gas Fitting Cornice and Skylights, Hot Air Furnaces Guttering of all descriptions. All Jobbing Work promptly attended to. 124 S. Los Angeles St. - Anaheim, Cal. HOME 803; PACIFIC 2541. AnaheimSanitarium Cor. Chartres and Hermine Sts. For the care of patients suffering from non-contagious diseases. School for nurses. Board of Directors S. Kraemer, President W. M. Wickett, Vice Pres't C.E. Holcomb, Secy-Treas J. .L Beebe H. A. Johnston Medical and Surgical Staff Dr. H. A. Johnston Dr. J. L. Beebe Dr. C. W. Harvey Dr. J. W. Utter Phone Main 1646 MISS. A. SLINGSLY, Supt.