anaheim-gazette 1915-02-18

MARKETING AND STORAGE OF FRUITS SUMMARIES PREPARED BY AGRICULTURAL SPECIALISTS OF VAST INTEREST TO FRUIT MEN GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT, IRRIGATION, OLIVE GROWING AND PLANT BREEDING EPITOMIZED The University of California, through experts of the College of Agriculture, prepare brief summaries dealing with subjects of vital interest to farmers. Those letters will appear each week in the columns of the Gazette and should be pursued by everyone who is interested in agricultural pursuits. (Note: "What are the fundamental principles of successful agriculture?" This is the third of a series of articles answering that question. In these brief summaries different experts of the College of Agriculture of the University of California have set forth the basic principles of their various specialties.) THE MARKETING AND STORAGE OF FRUITS (By A. V. Stubenrauch, Professor of Pomology) The California fruit industry is a wholesale business; large wholesale marketing and selling methods are therefore essential. The packing, transporting, storing, and selling of fruits are phases of the industry quite distinct from the production of growing of the crops, and as such require special business training, talents and experience not often productivity is maintained by the use of chemical and animal fertilizers. Strong healthy plants tend to resist disease and insect enemies. Systematic pruning, pinching, training and disbudding product strong, well balanced plants and large perfect flowers. IRRIGATION (By Frank Adams, Irrigation Manager, Office of Experiment Station of the United States Department of Agriculture.) The application of more water than the soil will retain or than the crop irrigated requires is injurious to the soil and wasteful for both the individual and the state. The purpose of irrigation is to get adequate moisture into the rooting zone of the crop irrigated and not merely to apply water to the soil surface. (Buy and use a six-foot soil auger and know what becomes of the water applied.) Long irrigation furrows and long checks make even application of water impossible. In orchard irrigation it is as important to irrigate directly in the tree trees as to irrigate between them. Basin and flooding irrigation of orchards result in unnecessary puddling, and excessive evaporation and may double the cost of cultivation after irrigation. Orchards should be irrigated by means of furrows if you can get the water where you want it with furrows. (Use your soil auger and find out.) The principal wastes in irrigation come through leaky farm ditches, runoff at the lower ends of furrows and checks, excessive application, resulting in too deep percolation, and surface evaporation but to too little or too shallow cultivation. Plants require most water when they are making the most rapid growth. Crops should be irrigated before they begin to suffer from lack of moisture. The ideal in irrigation is, in general, to maintain uniform moisture content of the soil throughout the growing plant. (By E. B. Babcoctics.) Differences in due to environmental hereditary differences. Plant improved hereditary difference. Performance able to certain limitations. Comparative to secure reliable performance. In comparative error must be oiled for. All principles must be reckoned plants. Selecting individuals shortest method of rites may be agrated by seeds. If vegetative cable, selecting may originate and hybridization the most effective hereditary cure, however, bers of hybrid sativa. The scientific works with one time when cross-same species. Testing hybrids by seeds should be to the second generation. First-generation varieties or straight vigorous than others. If superior flies can be propagated improved variety established. THE MARKETING AND STORAGE OF FRUITS (By A. V. Stubenrauch, Professor of Pomology) The California fruit industry is a wholesale business; large wholesale marketing and selling methods are therefore essential. The packing, transporting, storing, and selling of fruits are phases of the industry quite distinct from the production of growing of the crops, and as such require special business training, talents and experience not often possessed by the ordinary grower. The problems of marketing California fruits are problems of wide distribution. In order to market successfully the large prospective increase in the production of fruit crops, a wider and more systematic distribution over the market of the world must be accomplished, and the per capita consumption of fruits must be materially increased. Over production of fruit crops is only apparent as long as there are accessible markets which are not fully supplied; under present inadequate systems of distribution there are many such markets. The pressing problems relating to the systematizing of marketing methods, the increase in the consumption of fruits through judicious advertising, and the broadening of distribution can be solved only through close and hearty cooperation among the growers. The foundation upon which effective and successful cooperation among producers rests is absolutely necessary for the solution of some pressing problems relating to the success of the industry. The only true co-operative organization of fruit growers is one in which all phases of the business are under the control of actual growers, who are members of the organization. Any organization which does not operate at actual cost to the grower members, and without profit on capital stock, is not truly co-operative in its functions. A cooperative organization which attempts arbitrarily to control prices or curtail production in the interest of high prices is operating dangerously near to a violation of the federal antitrust law. Some of the most common causes of the failure of cooperative efforts among fruit growers: Improper methods of organization, mutual distrust and suspicion among members, inefficient, unbusinesslike, or inexperienced management. Cold storage is a most efficient means of equalizing the marketnig of fruits. The fundamental factors underlying successful storage are: well grown, fully mature fruits carefully handled and packed in an uninjured condition, promptly stored and quickly cooled, and held in a uniform temperature. Cold storage cannot improve the quality of fruits unless the product is in first class condition when placed in storage it will not remain in good condition with leakage from ditches, runoff at the lower ends of furrows and checks, excessive application, resulting in too deep percolation, and surface evaporation but to too little or too shallow cultivation. Plants require most water when they are making the most rapid growth. Crops should be irrigated before they begin to suffer from lack of moisture. The ideal in irrigation is, in general, to maintain uniform moisture content of the soil throughout the growing season. Beyond a certain point the application of additional water does not increase yields and may decrease them. NUTRITION FOR ANIMALS AND MAN (By M. E. Jaffa, Professor of Nutrition and Director of the Pure Food and Drug Laboratory of the State Board of Health.) The fundamental principles of nutrition are the same for man and animals. Food is material which wen taken into the body either builds tissue or yields heat and energy. Foods are classified roughly according to these two uses: If protein is neglectel, growth is limited or delayed, repair checked, and resistance to disease lessened. An excessive amount of protein is uneconomical, both physiologically and financially. Carbohydrate food gives bulk to the diet and insures an economical use of the protein. Fat supplies heat and energy in a more concentrated form than carbohydrates and prevents an excess of bulk. The modern standard for a ration must meet all needs of the body, maintain it in perfect health and at the highest level of efficiency. An economical ration provides for all these needs at the least cost. In a scientific ration the measure of the food fits the measure of the body. The measure of the food is its nutritive value (expressed as protein, fat, carbohydrates, etc.). The measure of the body is its size, its rate of growth, and the work it performs. The nutritive value is the only comparative gauge of the real money value of the foods. A balanced ration must contain the proper proportion both of the food classes and of the bulky and concentrated foods. Protein foods are more expensive than others, in all the markets of the world. Fresh vegetables, fruits, greens, etc., are worth more than dried foods. All food should be fresh, sound, and clean. Food should be purchased under pure food guarantees. OLIVE GROWING IN CALIFORNIA (By W. F. Oglesby, Assistant in Vitiligo Research) and suspicion among members, inefficient, unbusinesslike, or inexperienced management. Cold storage is a most efficient means of equalizing the marketnig of fruits. The fundamental factors underlying successful storage are: well grown, fully mature fruits carefully handled and packed in an uninjured condition, promptly stored and quickly cooled, and held in a uniform temperature. Cold storage cannot improve the quality of fruits unless the product is in first class condition when placed in storage it will not remain in good condition and serious deterioration is sure to take place even under cold storage conditions. The cold-storage warehouse is an important ally of both the producer and consumer of fruits, enabling the one to extend the sale of his product over a long season and the other to avoid the effects of alternating seasons of great plenty and scarcity. GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT (By John W. Gregg, Professor of Landscape Gardening and Floriculture) Sudden changes of temperature, with an irregular supply of water, render plants subject to many diseases. Well located and dependable heating and watering systems are essential factors in the successful management of greenhouses. The shading of plants under glass during periods of excessive heat reduces surface evaporation. Wetting walks and general interior spraying help to lower temperature during periods of excessive heat. Keeping all walks, benches and areas under benches clean and free from weeds, leaves or dead or diseased plants prevents the spread of numerous diseases. Keeping greenhouses and benches well painted preserves the materials of construction and reduces liability to disease in plants. Regular attention to the general methods of fumigation and spraying is conductive to the best growing conditions and the health of plants. The quality of the stock affects the size and quality of the plant or flower. Named varieties produce better results than mixtures of unnamed sorts. Propogating from the best plants maintains the standard and tends to improve the variety. Plants produce their best growth when their requirements are met with specially prepared soils. Sterilizing soil kills weed seed, insect life, and fungus growth. A balanced ration must contain the proper proportion both of the food classes and of the bulky and concentrated foods. Protein foods are more expensive than others, in all the markets of the world. Fresh vegetables, fruits, greens, etc., are worth more than dried foods. All food should be fresh, sound, and clean. Food should be purchased under pure food guarantees. OLIVE GROWING IN CALIFORNIA (By W. F. Oglesby, Assistant in Viticulture.) Winter temperatures below 15 degrees, spring frosts after April 15, and fall frosts before December 1 are dangerous. Very hot or cold weather, during blossoming, especially with wind, may reduce or prevent bearing. Mean temperatures from blossoming to ripening should average at least 66 degrees. The best soils require at least two acre feet of water; shallow or less retentive soils more. Localities subject to frequent summer fogs are unsuitable for olives owing to the difficulty of controlling the black scale. Deep preparation of the soil is necessary for vigor and early bearing and promotes deep rooting. Deep annual plowing in winter aerates and improves the soil. Frequent cultivation during the growing season conserves the moisture. Irrigation must supply deficiency of rain or if retentiveness of soil. Except in the best of soils it should be frequent toward the end of the summer. Cover crops or stable manure, or both, are essential for building up and maintaining the humus of the soil. Suitable commercial fertilizers increase the productiveness of deficient soils. Material for propagation should be selected from trees known to be good, regular bearer of choice fruit. The richer the soil and the more vigorous the variety, the larger space needed by each tree; about 900 square feet is the minimum. Young trees should be pruned so as to give the mature tree a low, strong, open frame work, to facilitate cultivation and harvesting. Hearing trees should be pruned so as to admit air and sunlight to every part, to promote an annual growth of fruit wood, and maintain the form of the frame work. ANAHEIM|GAZETTE The only serious disease and pests of the olive tree in California are the olive knot and scale insects. Whore the former exists the more susceptible varieties should be avoided. Against the latter, regular, open pruning is usually sufficient protection. PLANT BREEDING (By E. B. Babcock, Professor of Genetics.) Differences in production may be due to environmental factors, or to hereditary differences in the plants. Plant improvement depends upon hereditary differences. Performance records are indispensable to certain improvement. Comparative tests are necessary to secure reliable performance records. In comparative tests all sources of error must be eliminated or accounted for. All principles of crop production must be reckoned with in testing plants. Selecting individual plants and testing their progeny separately is the shortest method by which improved varieties may be produced in crops propagated by seeds. If vegetative propagation is practicable, selecting a superior individual may originate an improved variety. Hybridization or cross breeding is the most effective method of producing hereditary changes. Hybridization is promiscuous, uncertain, unscientific, if uncontrolled; superior individuals are occasionally secured, however, by growing large numbers of hybrid seedlings. The scientific hybridizer usually works with one or two characters at a time when crossing varieties of the same species. Testing hybrids in plants propagated by seeds should be continued at least to the second generation. First generation hybrids between varieties or strains are usually more vigorous than either parent. If superior first-generation hybrids can be propagated vegetatively, an improved variety has at once been established. BOARD OF SUPERVISORS the candied fruit industry of France. "In Japan and Australia the fruits of Southern California are relished in their glazed metamorphosis," said Mr. Itaas, "and what was but an infant-industry a few years ago, has grown into a real California giant since." Mr. Itaas believes that the cessation of the war in Europe will mean a great evolution of trade conditions in his line of business. "There is no doubt in my mind," he concluded, "that the fruit of Southern California will become the most potent advertising factor next to the climate of this wonderful southland." HOW THE CANAL BENEFITS CALIFORNIA To meet new traffic conditions, which have arisen with the opening of the Panama canal, the interstate commerce commission has permitted the transcontinental railroads to establish certain commodity rates from Eastern points to Pacific coast terminals, lower than those to intermediate points in intermountain territory. This explanation of the order, which brings into prominent notice the revolutionary effect of the Panama canal in transcontinental transportation was made at the commission's headquarters: "Under the original order in the intermountain case, carriers were required from the Missouri river westward, not to charge more to an intermountain point than to a Pacific terminal. East of the river the stringency of the rule is somewhat abated. From Chicago to intermountain points the excess charge permitted over the rate to the Pacific terminals was 7 per cent; from Pittsburgh 15 per cent; from the Atlantic seaboard 25 per cent." "The shrinkage of rates via the canal from New York to San Francisco put the transcontinental carriers in serious straits. On certain heavy commodities, largely moving by water, if the carriers reduced their rates to the Pacific to compete with the lowered water rates, a serious shrinkage in through earning was in- BOARD OF SUPERVISORS The county auditor was directed to give credit upon the auditor's books for certain warrants of the county of Orange which have been duly paid. The petition for the formation of a school district to be known as Richfield school district, was granted, as recommended by the county superintendent of schools. The atomizing machine furnished by J. E. Ward & Co. was purchased for $1150. The petition for change of boundaries of Yorba Linda and Olinda school districts, was granted. The petition for change of boundaries of Fairview and Harper School Districts was denied. The map of tract No. 31, Launer's addition No. 2 to La Habra, was accepted as the official plotting of said tract. W. D. Adkinson was appointed fish and game warden and fire warden, in accordance with Ordinance No. 125. The salary of the Southern California Panama Exposition Commissioner was fixed at $150 per month during the fairs. The petition for the creation of the office of county food inspector and for appointment of H. C. Mantor to the position, was denied. The hearing of the viewers' report on the petition of J. A. Armitage, et al of Westminster road district, was set for March 3, 1915, at 10 a.m. A deed was accepted from W. S. Jones for right of way for county road in Bolsa road district. The county auditor was directed to cancel certificate No. 501 of the year 1913. The county recorder was directed to cancel certificate No. 38 of the year 1910. The National Orange Show opened of Yorba Township was given a leave of absense from the state of thirty days. The county auditor and sheriff were allowed transportation expenses to the state convention of auditors and sheriffs. The district attorney was directed to commence condemnation proceedings against A. F. Morgan, et al, for right of way on West Fifth street. NEARLY READY TO OPEN THE ORANGE SHOW Fair Weather Predicted for Week That Fruit Growers are to Celebrate EAR, NOSE AND THROAT—ORAL SURGERY—GLASSES FITTED Suite 1, Central Bldg. Anaheim Phone Sunset 337 J. W. TRUXAW, M. D. PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON Office Hours 11 to 12 A.M.; 3 to 4 P.M.; 7 to 8 P.M. German-American Bank Building Cor. Center and Los Angeles Streets ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA Office Phone Residence 121 Kroeger Phone 341-J Home Phone 2693 NIGHT CALLS FROM RESIDENCE "Had no additional relief been afforded on intermountain points, an abandancement of much rail carriage from the Atlantic seaboard territory is imminent, and had additional relief on intermountain traffic not been granted, there was grave reason to think that the Atlantic seaboard in the future would have supplied by water the Pacific coast with the commodities in question, and that many industries in the neighborhood of Chicago would have either lost their Pacific coast customers or have been compelled to migrate near the Atlantic seaboard." "In this emergency a greater degree of relief on certain commodities to intermountain points has been accorded by the commission but only on the commodities in question. The net result of the greater relief is that industries in the Chicago and Middle West section will continue in the business of supplying customers on the Pacific." The order permits railroads to carry carload freight from Chicago, Buffalo and New York to intermediate points 15, 25 and 35 cents higher than from Missouri river to the same destinations; and less than carload commodity rates from Chicago, Pittsburg and New York to intermediate points may exceed those from the Missouri river to the same destinations by 25, 40 and 55 cents, respectively. Carload rates on coal and pig iron may be less to the Pacific coast than to intermediate points, but the rates on such articles to the higher rated intermediate points must not exceed 5 mills per ton mile. "The Pacific coast terminals to which these rates will apply," says the explanation, "are the points at the Atlantic-Pacific steamships deliver their freight." "If the railroads are able to make such rates from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific coast as will hold to their lines some portion of this east-to west coast traffic with profit to themselves, they should be permitted..." The county auditor and sheriff were allowed transportation expenses to the state convention of auditors and sheriffs. The district attorney was directed to commence condemnation proceedings against A. F. Morgan, al., for right of way on West Fifth street. NEARLY READY TO OPEN THE ORANGE SHOW Fair Weather Predicted for Week That Fruit Growers are to Celebrate The National Orange Show opened yesterday at San Bernardino and the last week of preparation for the greatest exposition of citrus fruits ever held in the world witnessed the transformation into the gorgeous array of golden fruit and beautiful flowers. The weather bureau of the exposition, after an exhaustive study of storm records for forty years and numerous prophiles, forecasts fair weather for the period of the show. The previous four National Orange Shows saw heavy rains. Hundreds of workmen are engaged in the construction of the final details of the exposition. All of the gorgeous feature exhibits are practically completed, and the growers, representing every big citrus fruit district in the state, are preparing for shipment the fruit which they will enter for the world's prizes. This fruit is to form a gorgeously decorated wall to form the garden wall encircling the exposition. There are three departments of the exposition, the citrus fruit section, industry and museum sections, and in addition there is a midway of rollicking fun. Nine bands, the best in Southern California, have been secured for the week, and many cities of the southland are arranging special train excursions. CANDIED FRUIT OF THE SOUTH IS LAUDED Luscious fruits of Southern California, glazed into unadulterated sweetness at San Francisco and munched by dainty lips in every quarter of the globe, are the latest palatable means of advertising Southern California. J. C. Raans, of San Francisco has come south for the purpose of purchasing Southern California fruit, believing that orchards of the southland will furnish crops of a quality that will compete successfully with The Pacific coast terminals to which these rates will apply," says the explanation, "are the points at which the Atlantic-Pacific steamships deliver their freight." If the railroads are able to make such rates from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific coast as will hold to their lines some portion of this east-west coast traffic with profit to themselves, they should be permitted to do so. The acceptance of this traffic will add something to their net revenues and to that extent decrease and not increase the burden that must be borne by other traffic. It will also give the shippers at the coast points the benefits of an additional and competitive service. The commission says that few, if any, of the intervening interests really oppose the petition of the carriers, but that the intermountains territory protested. The commission suggests that the railroads themselves readjust the so-called back haul rates from the Pacific coast to points inland. ORANGE COUNTY DEDICATION DAY In honor of Orange county, one of the early days of the Panama Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco has been set aside at Orange County Dedication day, and Major F. H. Reed has been appointed special commissioner for Orange county day by President C. C. Moore. Reed is now in the county and has been instructed to lend every possible assistance in formulating plans for a celebration which will place the county prominently in the news of the world. Reed's appointment is the result of the earnest desire of the exposition officials that each individual county in the state be accorded recognition of the important part it took in the success of the exposition. The dedication day celebration will be in the nature of an inspection and dedication of the Orange county exhibit in the California building, and it is intended to make the same accompanying ceremonies impressive and dignified. Monday, April 13th, has been suggested as the most favorable day for the Orange county day. The day is especially desirable in view of fact that the first big rush and confusion to intermediate points, but the rates on such articles to the higher rated intermediate points must not exceed 5 mills per ton mile. "The Pacific coast terminals to which these rates will apply," says the explanation, "are the points at which the Atlantic-Pacific steamships deliver their freight." "If the railroads are able to make such rates from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific coast as will hold to their lines some portion of this east-west coast traffic with profit to themselves, they should be permitted to do so. The acceptance of this traffic will add something to their net revenues and to that extent decrease and not increase the burden that must be borne by other traffic. It will also give the shippers at the coast points the benefits of an additional and competitive service." The commission says that few, if any, of the intervening interests really oppose the petition of the carriers, but that the intermountains territory protested. The commission suggests that the railroads themselves readjust the so-called back haul rates from the Pacific coast to points inland. ORANGE COUNTY DEDICATION DAY In honor of Orange county, one of the early days of the Panama Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco has been set aside at Orange County Dedication day, and Major F. H. Reed has been appointed special commissioner for Orange county day by President C. C. Moore. Reed is now in the county and has been instructed to lend every possible assistance in formulating plans for a celebration which will place the county prominently in the news of the world. Reed's appointment is the result of the earnest desire of the exposition officials that each individual county in the state be accorded recognition of the important part it took in the success of the exposition. The dedication day celebration will be in the nature of an inspection and dedication of the Orange county exhibit in the California building, and it is intended to make the same accompanying ceremonies impressive and dignified. Monday, April 13th, has been suggested as the most favorable day for the Orange county day. The day is especially desirable in view of fact that the first big rush and confusion to intermediate points, but the rates on such articles to the higher rated intermediate points must not exceed 5 mills per ton mile. "The Pacific coast terminals to which these rates will apply," says the explanation, "are the points at which the Atlantic-Pacific steamships deliver their freight." "If the railroads are able to make such rates from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific coast as will hold to their lines some portion of this east-west coast traffic with profit to themselves, they should be permitted to do so. The acceptance of this traffic will add something to their net revenues and to that extent decrease and not increase the burden that must be borne by other traffic. It will also give the shippers at the coast points the benefits of an additional and competitive service." The commission says that few, if any, of the intervening interests really oppose the petition of the carriers, but that the intermountains territory protested. The commission suggests that the railroads themselves readjust the so-called back haul rates from the Pacific coast to points inland. OF THE OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION, WHICH TAKES PLACE ON FEBRUARY 20TH, WILL BE OVER, AND BY DEVOTING THE DAY ENTIRELY TO ORANGE, THIS COUNTY WILL NATURALLY HAVE A PROMINENT PLACE IN THE NEWS PAPERS. PROBELLY HANDLED, THE OCCASION Should afford wider publicity tothe county and its resources and products than any other manner in connection withthe exposition. The Orange county commission includesthe membersofthe boardof supervisors. A meetingofthepresident'sspecialcommissionerandthesupervisorsandcommissionerswillbecalledwithinthenextfewdays. Thursday, February 18 You Are Not a Spoke in the Wheel of Time Unless You Save Part of What You Earn! Never mind how little you earn— Save some of it—put it in the bank We Pay 4 Per Cent on Term Deposits Anaheim National Bank Electric Power Is The Cheap Power Because: Cost of Installation is less; labor for operating is saved; less floor space is required; friction and wear and tear are reduced to a minimum; repair bills are obviated; injury to building by vibration is eliminated; there is no loss in the shafting and pulleys; no energy lost in getting started; always ready; always reliable; service is always perfect. Southern California Edison Co. Washington's Birthday February 22 ---An ideal day for visiting one of the beautiful Expositions Low Excursion Washington's Birthday February 22 An ideal day for visiting one of the beautiful Expositions Low Excursion Fares between all points on! Santa Fe FOR INSTANCE— San Francisco Bakersfield San Diego Redlands Los Angeles Riverside Stockton San Bernardino Fresno Phoenix Etc. Tickets on sale: February 20-21-22 Return limit: February 23. J. H. CLABAUGH Agent Phone Pacific 217 Home 1751 Ask Agent We have the Agency for the Weaver Roofing Company's Paper, Beaver Board and Arden Plaster We also carry a complete line of Lumber of all kinds, Cement, Brick, Etc. Griffith Lumber Co. Good Place to Buy— G-O-O-D L-U-M-B-E-R Griffith Lumber Co. Good Place to Buy— G-O-O-D L-U-M-B-E-R C. GANAHL LUMBER COMPANY Anaheim, Cal. The Gazette Office First-Class Job Printing Prices Are Right Neatness and Dispatch Opera-House Block