anaheim-gazette 1915-02-04

U. C. SPECIALISTS TO HELP THE FARMER WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SUCCESSFUL AGRIOULTURE? ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, CITRUS FRUITS, CROP PRODUCTION, DAIRYING AND ENTOMOLOGY DISCUSSED Berkely, Cal., Jan. 25, 1915 Editor Gazette: Recently Dean Thomas Forsyth Hunt of the College of Agriculture of the University of California asked the specialists in charge of various departments of the agricultural work of the university this question: "What are the fundamental principles of successful agriculture?" In response each man "boiled down" into a single page the facts he regards as basically important for the particular agricultural pursuit in which he is a specialist. It has been thought that you might perhaps welcome the opportunity of bringing these cogent summaries to general public attention. They crystallize principles which it is of great importance the people of California should understand and take to heart, if the incalculable opportunities of agriculture in this state are to be more nearly realized. Six of these catechisms for the farmer will be forwarded each week, until the whole twenty or more of the series Orchard temperatures may be economically raised ten degree with oil heaters. Radiated heat is more effective than heat of convection. Fruit decays are caused by fungus parasites. Tent cured lemons ship better than tree ripe fruit. Toadstool fungus it fatal to citrus trees. Lemon gum disease may be cured with Bordeaux paste. Scale insects are most economically controlled by fumigation. CROP PRODUCTION (By Charles L. Lipman, Professor of Soil Chemistry and Bacteriology.) Deep soil, meaning several feet free from coarse gravel, hardpan, or standing water, is essential for the production of the best crops in California. Air, as well as moisture, each to the extent of about one-fourth of the volume of soil, are essential to successful growth. Plant food in available (or soil water—soluble) form is essential to successful plant growth. Maintenance of a plaintiful supply of organic matter is essential to successful crop production. A neutral or slightly alkaline reaction of the soil is essential to the successful growth of most crops. Liming maintains such reaction. Soil bacteria are essential factors in successful crop production because they help to make plant food available. Excessive amounts of water-soluble salts (alkali) are deterimental to crop production. The use of barnyard manure in the case of white alkali and of gypsum in the case of black alkali prevents the toxicity of these salts to a great degree. Fertilizers may serve to add to the store of available plant food in the frequently humid environment. Much of the mining insects is wasp-like in instability due to use. Attempts to erase involve a money yacht. Time of treating peachworm, codling minor insects. High pressure valuable because quantity applied. Fumigation is less than spraying in that of the orange. The question of licals to use per unit in fumigation. Treatments are able by a neighbor. Most of the pests is made to dozen insects. Houseflies and necessary evils, sed. A few hives on on nearly every year. The use of fran... It has been thought that you might perhaps welcome the opportunity of bringing these cogent summaries to general public attention. They crystallize principles which it is of great importance the people of California should understand and take to heart, if the incalculable opportunities of agriculture in this state are to be more nearly realized. Six of these catechisms for the farmer will be forwarded each week, until the whole twenty or more of the series have reached you. Very truly yours, The University of California. (We shall be very glad to publish these articles, and the first series is given herewith—Ed. Gazette.) ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (By Gordon H. True, Professor of Animal Husbandry in U. of C.) Live stock farming maintains the fertility of the soil. Farm animals convert raw materials grown on the farm into valuable finished products. The improvement of farm-live stock is dependent upon the use of pure bred sires. Good breeding and individuality should be combined. Mature breeding stock gives best results. Too early breeding results in under-developed stock. Where possible proven sires should be used. A mother in good condition at parturition raises her offspring best. Over feeding often results in impairment of breeding functions. In breeding is dangerous. Different breeds of live stack are adopted to different natural conditions. Form in animals indicates function. It is a mistake to combine diverse uses in the same animal. The cheapest growth is made by young animals. Young animals should be kept growing from birth to maturity. Exercice is important for young stock and pregnant females. In feeding young animals their ultimate use should be kept in mind. Regularity in care and feeding make for best results. Animal comfort promotes profit. Ruminants are especially adapted to the economical use of rough feed. The growing pig should be fed at least two per cent its weight of grain daily. California grew 512 during 1914, port of the State for that year. The of all property in $3,232,646,152, as for 1913, an increase represents the vast non operative pro- During 1914 there in the state, electric and steam 203.21 miles; the being 7271.13 arcs. The State Board seasements of the $5,500,000; the tion in 1914 being 151,113,742 for it. Including that man company, the single track railway 710.97. In 1914 value per mile of against $788.09 lbs. During 1914 the 979 corporations, railroads and stairs 192 light, heat and 182 telephone stations; 3 express companies; 355 782 banks; 1156 993 water compa- load companies; lanceous corporat- The State is through the inva- tration field by the accord- "While it is not sumed that all freight carried by otherwise have yet a large part doubtless done port. "The Pacific which has made this competition ports to this boar alone is losing $260,000 per year. The state tax on been $11,400. On ried 122,686 pass 13 days with an nearly $24,000. state loss from $200,000 per annu- "In addition to bushes and other Exercise is important for young stock and pregnant females. In feeding young animals their ultimate use should be kept in mind. Regularity in care and feeding make for best results. Animal comfort promotes profit. Ruminants are especially adapted to the economical use of rought feed. The growing pig should be fed at least two per cent its weight of grain daily. Sheep keep down weeds on the farm. Sheep are well adapted to rough grazing lands. A production of at least two hundred and fifty pounds of butter fat or six thousand pounds of milk per cow per year should be the aim in dairy farming. CITRUS FRUITS (By J. Ellot Colt, Professor of Citrification in the U. of C.) The most important factors in successful citriculture are: the soil, favorable climatic conditions, irrigation, fertilization, cultivation, healthy, vigorous trees, careful pruning, membership in a strong selling association. Sour orange is the best root stock, broadly speaking. High budded trees are most resistant to disease. The control of scale insects costs six per cent, on two hundred and fifty dollars for each acre annually. Scale-free districts need not pay this tax. Plow sole and hardpan decrease the yields. Maintenance of the humus content of arid soils increases yields. Allowing to roots to dry during the transplanting kills trees. Allowing the soil to become too dry once makes trouble for a year. Suckers cannot be depended upon to grow into profitable branches. Frequent pruning of lemons increases yields. Top working old orchards is usually unprofitable. Simplicity is the prime element in pure beauty and in landscape design is the opposite of extravagance. Intricacy is the soul of landscape and is the opposite of blankness. Convenience produces a feeling of satisfaction by making every interesting feature comfortably accessible. Compactness economizes space and labor, creates the appearance of order, and renders each feature a part of the combined whole. Seclusion produces a feeling of ownership and privacy and is in accord with good taste. Snugness involves shelter, protection, warmth, shade, and a play of sun and color. Unity adapts in a pleasing way the several parts of a design to the whole. Blending artistically distributes plants and groups and other features of a design so as to do away with an extreme continuity of lines. Symmetry preserves balance of parts. Graduation permits a gentle transition of parts into others without conspicuous breaks or marked interference with harmony. Richness produces a feeling and appearance of refinement by tasteful selection of all elements of design. Variety adds refined spice, freshness and power to a design. Contrast seeks to distinguish the more important episodes and detached accessories without destroying the harmony. Finish demands good plant forms, cleanliness and completeness. Order produces a regularity and presents the appearance of substantialness, and denotes the producer of a master mind. ENTOMOLOGY (By C. W. Woodworth, Professor of Entomology). Standard insecticides are best. Secret remedies are usually fraudulent. New remedies against insects are this competition ports to this board alone is losing $250,000 per year. The state tax on been $11,400. On ried 122,686 pass 13 days with an nearly $24,000. State loss from $200,000 per annum. "In addition to busses and otherply over more oak and on more or there are many ing for hire on all doing the sa which comes under state tax system." "It would apply system ought to er these carriers state revenues taxes transport." Because a tax ceilps could only a constitutional favors a heavy tax the same end. ANAHEIM GAZETTE frequently humbugs. Much of the money spent in treating insects is wasted. Losses in insecticide work are chiefly due to unwise treatments. Attempts to eradicate a pest always involve a money loss. Time of treatment is important for peachworm, codling moth, and many minor insects. High pressure spraying is chiefly valuable because of the increased quantity applied. Fumigation is much more efficient than spraying in dense foliage like that of the orange. The question of the amount of chemicals to use per tree is more important in fumigation than in spraying. Treatments are not made unprofitable by a neighbor's insects. Most of the profit in treating insects is made in controlling half a dozen insects. Houseflies and mosquitoes are not necessary evils, they may be surpresSED. A few hives of bees are profitable on nearly every ranch. The use of frame hives always pays. CALIFORNIA'S RICHES ASSUME GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS Railroad Mileage Shows Healthful Increase, and Corporations Continue to Grow California grew richer by $118,509.512 during 1914, according to the report of the State Board of Equalization for that year. The total assessed value of all property in the state for 1914 was $3,232,646,152, as against $3,114,136,640 for 1913, an increase of 4 per cent. This represents the value of operative and non operative property. During 1914 the mileage of railroads SEE THAT SKIMMED MILK FED TO ANIMALS IS PASTEURIZED The fact that the foot and mouth disease may be communicated to cattle, sheep, other ruminants and swine through the milk of infected cows, makes it especially important at this time for cattle raisers to make certain that the skimmed milk they obtain from creamerles has been pasteurized. Even if there is no foot and mouth disease in the farmer's neighborhood, it nevertheless is a great safeguard for him to see that the creamery skimmed milk which he feeds to his animals has been pasteurized, as tuberculosis can be communicated through raw skimmed milk. So serious is the communication of tuberculosis through milk to swine that the meat packers discriminate against the hogs in certain dairying districts. The department has long advocated this course, and the specialists hope that the danger of foot and mouth disease may lead those who have not been careful in this matter in the past to adopt this practice and continue it after the present epidemic has been stamped out. Where a creamery does not pasteurize the milk, or where the farmer obtains skimmed milk from other farms for feeding to his hogs, he can make certain that he does not carry the foot and mouth gorms or spread tuberculosis by bringing the skimmed milk to the boiling point before bringing it to the farm. Boiling does not interfere with its feeding value, although real pasteurization at 145 degrees for 30 minutes is the better practice. SOURCES OF THREE MAIN ELEMENTS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN THE U.S. Present agricultural practice preaches the use of three chemical ele- California grew richer by $118,509.512 during 1914, according to the report of the State Board of Equalization for that year. The total assessed value of all property in the state for 1914 was $3,232,646,152, as against $3,114,136,640 for 1913, an increase of 4 per cent. This represents the value of operative and non operative property. During 1914 the mileage of railroads in the state, including inter-county electric and steam roads, increased 203.21 miles; the total mileage in 1914 being 7271.13 and in 1913, 7067.93. The State Board has increased the assessments of the state railroads over $5,500,000; the total assessed valuation in 1914 being $156,849,882 against $151,113,742 for 1913. Including that covered by the Pullman company, the state has a total single track railroad mileage of 11,710.97. In 1914 the average assessed value per mile of railroad was $779.29 against $788.09 in 1913. During 1914 the board assessed 20,979 corporations, of which 151 were railroads and street car companies; 192 light, heat and power companies; 182 telephone and telegraph companies; 3 express companies; 12 car companies; 355 insurance companies; 782 banks; 1156 mining companies; 993 water companies; 97 building and load companies, and 16,182 micellaneous corporations. The State is losing much money through the invasion of the transportation field by the motor bus and truck, according to the report. "While it is not necessarily to be assumed that all the passengers and freight carried by these vehicles would otherwise have moved over railroads, yet a large part of them would have doubtless done so," declares the report. "The Pacific Electric Company, which has made careful observation of this competition with their lines, reports to this board that that company alone is losing $20,000 a month or $260,000 per year from that cause. The state tax on that alone would have been $11,400. One company alone carried 122,686 passengers in a period of 13 days with an estimated revenue of nearly $24,000. It is probable the state loss from this source is at least $200,000 per annum." In addition to the big double-deck buses and other large motors that Present agricultural practice prescribes the use of three chemical elements as a "soil amendment," a "stimulant for plant growth," or a "plant food," as it is variously put. These three elements when applied to the soil in which a crop is growing have been found by practice to afford an increased crop yield. They are phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen, spoken of by the respective trade terms of phosphoric acid, potash and "ammoniates." In the commercial fertilizers phosphoric acid is found in the form of calcium phosphate, which is bone phosphate or rock phosphate, usually treated with sulphuric acid to render it soluble. Potash is found as a salt or salts of potassium, either sulphate or chloride, and the "ammoniates," as the inorganic salt of ammonia, ammonium sulphate, thel norganic salts of nitric acid, sodium nitrate, and inorganic compounds of nitrogen, calcium cyanamid, or the organic compounds of nitrogen contained in animal or vegetable refuse matter, cottonseed meal, abattoir tankage or fish scrap. The usual commercial fertilizers contain these three elements and have the designation of complete fortillizers. These are sold under various brand names, the various brands frequently being recommended for particular crops. The proportion of the three essential ingredients is varied; as a usual thing that of the phosphoric acid is considerably higher than the other two, which are present in about the same proportion. Little attention is paid to the source of these ingredients so long as the essential compounds are available or readily may be decomposed or made soluble for the use of the plants. The nation's supply of these three common ingredients of fertilizer may be summarized as follows: Of phosphoric acid there is an abundant supply in the large deposits of phosphate rock in Florida and Tennessee and the enormous deposits of Idaho, Montana... this competition with their lines, reports to this board that that company alone is losing $20,000 a month or $250,000 per year from that cause. The state tax on that alone would have been $11,400. One company alone carried 122,686 passengers in a period of 13 days with an estimated revenue of nearly $24,000. It is probable the state loss from this source is at least $200,000 per annum. "In addition to the big double-deck buses and other large motors that fly over more or less regular routes, and on more or less lofinite schedules, there are many smaller vehicles plying for hire on less regular schedules, all doing the same kind of business which comes under the purview of the state tax system. "It would appear that the state tax system ought to be extended to cover these carriers, both to protect the state revenues and in justice to the taxes transportation corporations." Because a tax on their gross receipts could only be secured through a constitutional amendment, the board favors a heavy license tax to achieve the same end. STATE TO CONTROL SALOONS, NEW BILL The Grape Growers bill, proposing a transfer of the control of the liquor traffic from the city to the state, has been introduced in the Assembly by Bruck of Napa. It provides a State Excise Commission, with three members at a salary of $4000, with districts commissioners at $3000. It limits saloons to one to each 500 of population, and classifies licenses, bar licenses being worth $1000 annually. The city gets 90 per cent and the state ten. Bartenders will be compelled to take out a state license at $3 annually. The measure would not interfere with communities regulating saloons. Of "ammoniates" there is a large source in the ammonia produced as a by product in the distillation of coal for the production of gas or coke, or both. This source is but partially developed, as by the methods most commonly practiced in this country this possible by-product is not recovered. The amount of ammonia now going to waste is almost large enough to supply all of the ammoniates now demanded by the fertilizer trade. The abattoirs supply a large amount of tankage and dried blood of high fertilizer value, but of these possible by-products there is still on enormous loss through the lack of organization and cooperation in the small scale slaughter of animals for food. The nation's supply of these three common ingredients of fertilizer may be summarized as follows: Of phosphoric acid there is an abundant supply in the large deposits of phosphate rock in Florida and Tennessee and the enormous deposits of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. Of potash, now obtained exclusively from the German mines, there is little known in this country outside of the desiccated residues in Searles Lake, Cal., and the giant kelps of the Pacific littoral. In the latter there is much more than enough to supply the present demands of the fertilizer trade of the United States, the present annual consumption of potash being about 1,250,000 tons of varied composition. At present the kelps are not supplying any of this since it has not been determined by actual experimentation on a commercial scale that they can be used as economically as a source of potash. Estimates based on costs of similar operations indicate that they can be so used. Of "ammoniates" there is a large source in the ammonia produced as a by product in the distillation of coal for the production of gas or coke, or both. This source is but partially developed, as by the methods most commonly practiced in this country this possible by-product is not recovered. The amount of ammonia now going to waste is almost large enough to supply all of the ammoniates now demanded by the fertilizer trade. The abattoirs supply a large amount of tankage and dried blood of high fertilizer value, but of these possible by-products there is still on enormous loss through the lack of organization and cooperation in the small scale slaughter of animals for food. A new time table will be put into effect on the Santa Fe railroad, Feb. 7th, 1915. Some slight changes are made in leaving time of trains in Anaheim, but as a whole their present good schedule is continued. Northbound Southbound 6.05 A. M. 7.56 A. M. 7.37 A. M. 10.02 A. M. 11.43 A. M. 1.52 P. M. 3.27 P. M. 3.42 P. M. 3.57 P. M. 6.17 P. M. 5.40 P. M. 1.08 A. M. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY, 4 You Are Not a Spoke in the Wheel of Time Unless You Save Part of What You Earn! Never mind how little you earn— Save some of it—put it in the bank We Pay 4 Per Cent on Term Deposits Anaheim National Bank Electric Power Is The Cheap Power Because: Cost of installation is less; labor for operating is saved; less floor space is required; friction and wear and tear are reduced to a minimum; repair bills are obviated; injury to building by vibration is eliminated; there is no loss in the shafting and pulleys; no energy lost in getting started; always ready; always reliable; service is always perfect. Southern California Edison Co. Breakfast in a warm room Breakfast in a warm room It gives the day a cheerful start. The PERFECTION OIL HEATER quickly chases the chill from bed-room, bathroom, dining-room, nursery. Easily carried from room to room. Dealers everywhere Write for booklet "Warmth in Cold Corners." 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