anaheim-gazette 1911-10-05

TO BUILD GOOD ROADS Uncle Sam is Teaching American People Science of Constructing Them Preaching the gospel of good roads from an exhibition train, in every out-of-the-way place reached by the lines tributary to the big railway systems, is Uncle Sam's latest innovation in the great good roads campaign that is being engineered from the office of public roads in Washington. One of these trains has just completed a summer tour over the Southern Railway from Washington to points as far south as Florida and the gulf. It is now being transferred to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad for another tour during the fall and winter. Trains are being equipped and schedules prepared for tours over the Frisco system in Missouri and the Southwest, and over the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis road from Nashville. These three "good roads specials" are the forerunners of what is expected to be a great cooperative plan of the government and the large railroad systems to instruct farmers and the officials of township and municipal governments, in the science of "making every dollar count." Models of every important type of road construction are carried in the special trains. There are miniature reproductions of concrete culverts, of bridges and drains, such as farmers or country road builders can build without the assistance of engineers or trained roadmakers. There are models of all kinds of road drainage systems; models of various types of roads, showing the work from the foundation to the finished surface. dreds of sections that can not be easily reached by other means. Where the states handle appropriations, or directly supervise the work, careful and competent engineering methods are followed," says Mr. Page, "and excellent roads are built as a part of a comprehensive scheme of highways. But throughout the districts, where engineers can not be employed, and where untrained men are forced to spend their own time, and their own and their neighbors' money in the effort to keep the country roads passable and in good conditions, there is a great need for instruction and help." PRECOOLING OF FRUIT Department of Agriculture Issues Bulletin of Interest to Growers The term "precooling" has been applied to the rapid and prompt cooling of fruit or other produce before it is shipped or stored. Ice and salt or mechanical refrigeration are usually employed as the cooling agents. The object of precooling is to reduce the temperature of the fruit as quickly as possible to a point where ripening will be retarded and decay and deterioration prevented. Probably no process of fruit handling has so rapidly attracted widespread interest within so short a time after it was first suggested as has this comparatively new idea in preparing fruit for shipment over long distances. The purpose of a paper recently issued by the Department of Agriculture dealing with this subject, is to present in a rather conservative and concise form the progress and results of the investigations which have been made by the Bureau of Plant Industry, and to give the exact status of the process as far as it has been ap- from overripeness, fruits are to premature decay due to tacks of various fungi. The common forms of these fungi, have not the power to the sound, unbroken skin or thy, normal fruit. Most of the occurring in fruits in trans storage starts at injuries and in the skin, caused almost by rough handling in preparation fruit for market, either in grading, hauling or packing bruises, scratches, or abrasions any kind allow the organism to gain entrance. Other fruits are not dependent upon injury start, attack fruits in trans storage; but these forms are much less prevalent. The germination of the dews, which are analogous to higher plants, is dependent proper moisture and temperatures. Germination does place while the fruit is perish or when the temperature is lower the spores have germinated ever, and the decay has set the fruit, even as low a temp as 32 deg. F. will not wholly Growth of the mold is only and the decay continues so develop. The prompt and rapid release temperature below where the decay spores will prevent the development disease, and even fruit will be rendered extremely soft through mechanical injury kind can be transported with slight loss from decay when cooled. It is not advisable, to depend upon precooling ent decay following injurious spores of the fungi are not by the low temperature. Tally remain dormant until Models of every important type of road construction are carried in the special trains. There are miniature reproductions of concrete culverts, of bridges and drains, such as farmers or country road builders can build without the assistance of engineers or trained roadmakers. There are models of all kinds of road drainage systems; models of various types of roads, showing the work from the foundation to the finished surface and exhibitions of small models of machinery and homemade implements that will make country road work cheap, but scientifically accurate. "The United States spends $1,000,000 a day on its roads, and most of the money is literally sunk in the mud," says Logan Walter Page, director of the office of public roads at Washington. Mr. Page has evolved many schemes for carrying practical instruction and aid to the country districts in the interest of better road building; but none in which he has greater hope of large returns than the programme for the "good roads special". The Southern Railroad was the first to undertake cooperation with the government in running a three-car train over its lines for instruction to the local communities in road building; and the plan has been so successful and promises such important results in the improvement of country roads that important railroad lines all over the country are now asking for the privilege of joining the campaign. The good roads special is the outgrowth of the exhibition of roadwork made by the government at the Seattle exposition, the National corn-show as Omaha, the Southern Appalachian exposition at Knoxville, and the National land show at Chicago. The models shown there were gathered in a special car and sent first on a 60-day tour of Pennsylvania with marked success. Out of that trip grew the cooperative plan that is now to be pushed into every part of the country as rapidly as the government can furnish exhibits and lecturers to accompany the special trains. Three sets of the road models are now being completed in Washington to supply the trains that will start out this fall. The government is unable to furnish the lecturers and construction superintendents for more trains at the present time or to equip additional trains with sets of models and lanterns and picture machines. The trains are furnished by the railroads and hauled without external spread interest within so short a time after it was first suggested as has this comparatively new idea in preparing fruit for shipment over long distances. The purpose of a paper recently issued by the Department of Agriculture dealing with this subject, is to present in a rather conservative and concise form the progress and results of the investigations which have been made by the Bureau of Plant Industry, and to give the exact status of the process as far as it has been applied under commercial conditions. Many problems connected with the rapid reduction of the temperature of fruit remain to be solved. It is not yet certain just what system of cooling is preferable, whether the cooling should be accomplished before the fruit is loaded in the cars, or whether cooling after loading is most advantageous. Careful and comprehensive study of all phases of the subject and a long series of tests will be required before the problems are fully solved. Precooling of fruit has already received commercial application. A number of plants have been erected and are in operation in California, and many more are projected in various parts of the country. Some of these plants, operated by associations of growers or shippers, precool the fruit before it is loaded; some, constructed by transportation companies and operated in connection with the refrigerator car service, are carcooling plants and accomplish the precooling after the fruit has been loaded and delivered to the railroads. The ideal system of precooling for all conditions has not yet been found. While the process has not yet wholly passed the experimental stage, its importance as a means of promoting the safe transportation of fruits for great distances has long been fully recognized and its use will be extended as rapidly as the principles can be worked out and their practical application under different conditions and to different crops demonstrated. During the maturing of a normal fruit on the tree certain chemical and physiological changes are constantly taking place within the fruit itself. These changes, which result in the acquirement of quality and flavor, constitute the ripening processes. After a certain point is reached the fruit becomes overripe, quality and flavor are lost, and deterioration progresses until eventually the fruit is destroyed by fungus decay or fermentation, or through destructive physiological changes. where the decay spores will age prevents the development disease, and even fruit will be rendered extremely soft through mechanical injury. Kind can be transported with slight loss from decay when cooled. It is not advisable to depend upon precooling entropy decay following injury spores of the fungi are not affected by low temperature. They remain dormant until they are favorable for their growth. These conditions exist as soon as the fruit is ed from the cars, especially hot weather. The loss cay is thus transferred to ket end, and such fruit will retain a reputation for poor holding quality and will be ed accordingly. It is just that fruit remain in solution long enough after a market to be sold and conserve it is to get to market so cooling may not be legitimized for careful handling paring fruit for shipment. The precooling investigates the Bureau of Plant Industry begun in 1904, when, so far known, the first application principle to the handling was made by Powell, in connection with a study of decay in peaches due to from the southeastern northern markets. These lions have been continued ed as rapidly as the mean mand would permit, and it necessary to continue the work number of years, as many remain unsolved. The work has included the cooling of oranges, and table grapes,nia, and additional work in Georgia. In the first peach work and California (1904 and 1905) precooling was done in oil frigorator cars. The bung filled with ice and salt and was stacked openly, half being cooled at a time to circulation of the cold air. Experiments were therefore "warehouse" type of pre-which insures the thorough of every package before it for shipment. For the orange and grape for the later peach work special equipment, using refrigeration, was provided by the orange work was done Three sets of the road models are now being completed in Washington to supply the trains that will start out this fall. The government is unable to furnish the lecturers and construction superintendents for more trains at the present time or to equip additional trains with sets of models and lanterns and picture machines. The trains are furnished by the railroads and hauled without expense, the government paying for the transportation of the two experts in each train, their salaries, and the expenses of equipping the trains with models. "Since we began making exhibitions at the large fairs, like the Seattle exposition, there has been a demand for a good roads exhibit at every state or local fair," says Director Page of the office of public roads. "It is a sort of Donnybrook Fair for us all the time. We cannot furnish separate exhibits enough to meet the demands; but the traveling exhibits are being made as complete as the government can make them, and they are expected to accomplish much more good than would stationary exhibits at local fairs." To teach correct road building methods to the country districts, where money is not to be had either for expensive types of road or for the employment of skilled engineers, is the primary purpose of the good roads trains. The government office of public roads has developed its field of activity greatly in the last few years and is sending expert road supervisors into hundreds of communities to teach proper methods to the local road builders; and through the device of the special good roads trains it expects to teach road building in hun- During the maturing of a normal fruit on the tree certain chemical and physiological changes are constantly taking place within the fruit itself. These changes, which result in the acquirement of quality and flavor, constitute the ripening processes. After a certain point is reached the fruit becomes overripe, quality and flavor are lost, and deterioration progresses until eventually the fruit is destroyed by fungus decay or fermentation, or through destructive physiological changes. A fruit may be considered as a living organism which has a definite span of existence, the length of this span depending upon the conditions surrounding the organism. The most important factor which modifies this span of life is temperature. When the fruit is removed from the parent plant the life processes constituting ripening are materially hastened and the life span is greatly shortened if the fruit is allowed to remain warm for any considerable time. Hence, the importance of reducing the temperature as promptly and rapidly as possible after the fruit is picked. The length of the life span differs with the character of the fruit. It is shortest in the soft fruits, such as berries, cherries, peaches, apricots, plums, and most pears, and longest for the harder fruits—citrus fruits and apples. It varies with different varieties within the same group of fruits. Some varieties of apples, for example, keep longer than others; lemons keep longer than oranges. The importance of quick and prompt cooling—precooling—then is, greatest in the case of the soft fruits and least for the harder fruits. Experience so far confirms this rule. Aside from the breaking down was stacked openly, half being cooled at a time to circulation of the cold air. Experiments were therefore "warehouse" type of pre-cooling which insures the thoroughness of every package before it for shipment. For the orange and grape for the later peach work special equipment, using refrigeration, was provided by the orange work was done with commercial cold including cooling in refrigerator before loading and by blow air through the cars after. The cooling of oranges being done in ordinary rooms provided with a liberal piping. The orange work most comprehensive of working done with fruits precooling work with this included tests on 44 cars; house storage room cooling loads were handled. This work are corroborative nite and show that to accelerate with any reason free of rapidity after the first ed in cars requires the use large volumes of very cold difficulty of cooling fruit paper and tightly packed was strikingly shown, and time element is important chinery and power must be This work also brought on practicability of cooling to the car equally; there were likely differences of more trees between the coldest and most fruit in the same run of 18 to 24 hours. Becomes necessary in cars to chill some of the boxes. ANAHEIM GAZETTE In overripeness, fruits are subject to premature decay due to the attacks of various fungi. The most common forms of these fungi, however, have not the power to penetrate sound, unbroken skin of a healed normal fruit. Most of the decay occurring in fruits in transit and in storage starts at injuries and breaks the skin, caused almost entirely through handling in preparing the fruit for market, either in picking, ling, hauling or packing. Wounds, bruises, scratches, or abrasions of the kind allow the organism of decay to gain entrance. Other fungi which do not dependent upon injuries to it, attack fruits in transit and storage; but these forms of decay much less prevalent. The germination of the decay spores which are analogous to the seeds higher plants, is dependent upon proper moisture and temperature conditions. Germination does not take place while the fruit is perfectly dry when the temperature is low. After the spores have germinated, however, and the decay has started in fruit, even as low a temperature as 22 deg. F. will not wholly check it. Growth of the mold is only retarded by the decay continues slowly to develop. The prompt and rapid reduction of temperature below the point where the decay spores will germinate prevents the development of the case, and even fruit which has been rendered extremely susceptible through mechanical injury of some can be transported with only slight loss from decay when promptly dried. It is not advisable, however, depend upon precooling to prevent decay following injuries. The res of the fungi are not destroyed by the low temperature. They mere-remain dormant until conditions become overripe, fruits are subject to premature decay due to the attacks of various fungi. The most common forms of these fungi, however, have not the power to penetrate sound, unbroken skin of a healed normal fruit. Most of the decay occurring in fruits in transit and in storage starts at injuries and breaks the skin, caused almost entirely through handling in preparing the fruit for market, either in picking, ling, hauling or packing. Wounds, bruises, scratches, or abrasions of the kind allow the organism of decay to gain entrance. Other fungi which do not dependent upon injuries to it, attack fruits in transit and storage; but these forms of decay much less prevalent. The germination of the decay spores which are analogous to the seeds higher plants, is dependent upon proper moisture and temperature conditions. Germination does not take place while the fruit is perfectly dry when the temperature is low. After the spores have germinated, however, and the decay has started in fruit, even as low a temperature as 22 deg. F. will not wholly check it. Growth of the mold is only retarded by the decay continues slowly to develop. The prompt and rapid reduction of temperature below the point where the decay spores will germinate prevents the development of the case, and even fruit which has been rendered extremely susceptible through mechanical injury of some can be transported with only slight loss from decay when promptly dried. It is not advisable, however, depend upon precooling to prevent decay following injuries. The res of the fungi are not destroyed by the low temperature. They mere-remain dormant until conditions become overripe, fruits are subject to premature decay due to the attacks of various fungi. The most common forms of these fungi, however, have not the power to penetrate sound, unbroken skin of a healed normal fruit. Most of the decay occurring in fruits in transit and in storage starts at injuries and breaks the skin, caused almost entirely through handling in preparing the fruit for market, either in picking, ling, hauling or packing. Wounds, bruises, scratches, or abrasions of the kind allow the organism of decay to gain entrance. Other fungi which do not dependent upon injuries to it, attack fruits in transit and storage; but these forms of decay much less prevalent. The germination of the decay spores which are analogous to the seeds higher plants, is dependent upon proper moisture and temperature conditions. Germination does not take place while the fruit is perfectly dry when the temperature is low. After the spores have germinated, however, and the decay has started in fruit, even as low a temperature as 22 deg. F. will not wholly check it. Growth of the mold is only retarded by the decay continues slowly to develop. The prompt and rapid reduction of temperature below the point where the decay spores will germinate prevents the development of the case, and even fruit which has been rendered extremely susceptible through mechanical injury of some can be transported with only slight loss from decay when promptly dried. It is not advisable, however, depend upon precooling to prevent decay following injuries. The res of the fungi are not destroyed by the low temperature. They mere-remain dormant until conditions become overripe, fruits are subject to premature decay due to the attacks of various fungi. The most common forms of these fungi, however, have not the power to penetrate sound, unbroken skin of a healed normal fruit. Most of the decay occurring in fruits in transit and in storage starts at injuries and breaks the skin, caused almost entirely through handling in preparing the fruit for market, either in picking, ling, hauling or packing. Wounds, bruises, scratches, or abrasions of the kind allow the organism of decay to gain entrance. Other fungi which do not dependent upon injuries to it, attack fruits in transit and storage; but these forms of decay much less prevalent. The germination of the decay spores which are analogous to the seeds higher plants, is dependent upon proper moisture and temperature conditions. Germination does not take place while the fruit is perfectly dry when the temperature is low. After the spores have germinated, however, and the decay has started in fruit, even as low a temperature as 22 deg. F. will not wholly check it. Growth of the mold is only retarded by the decay continues slowly to develop. The prompt and rapid reduction of temperature below the point where the decay spores will germinate prevents the development of the case, and even fruit which has been rendered extremely susceptible through mechanical injury of some can be transported with only slight loss from decay when promptly dried. It is not advisable, however, depend upon precooling to prevent decay following injuries. The res of the fungi are not destroyed by the low temperature. They mere-remain dormant until conditions become overripe, fruits are subject to premature decay due to the attacks of various fungi. The most common forms of these fungi, however, have not the power to penetrate sound, unbroken skin of a healed normal fruit. Most of the decay occurring in fruits in transit and in storage starts at injuries and breaks the skin, caused almost entirely through handling in preparing the fruit for market, either in picking, ling, hauling or packing. Wounds, bruises, scratches, or abrasions of the kind allow the organism of decay to gain entrance. Other fungi which do not dependent upon injuries to it, attack fruits in transit and storage; but these forms of decay much less prevalent. The germination of the decay spores which are analogous to the seeds higher plants, is dependent upon proper moisture and temperature conditions. Germination does not take place while the fruit is perfectly dry when the temperature is low. After the spores have germinated, however, and the decay has started in fruit, even as low a temperature as 22 deg. F. will not wholly check it. Growth of the mold is only retarded by the decay continues slowly to develop. The prompt and rapid reduction of temperature below the point where the decay spores will germinate prevents the development of the case, and even fruit which has been rendered extremely susceptible through mechanical injury of some can be transported with only slight loss from decay when promptly dried. It is not advisable, however, depend upon precooling to prevent decay following injuries. The res of the fungi are not destroyed by the low temperature. They mere-remain dormant until conditions become overripe, fruits are subject to premature decay due to the attacks of various fungi. The most common forms of these fungi, however, have not the power to penetrate sound, unbroken skin of a healed normal fruit. Most of the decay occurring in fruits in transit and in storage starts at injuries and breaks the skin, caused almost entirely through handling in preparing the fruit for market, either in picking, ling, hauling or packing.Wounds, bruises, scratches, or abrasions of the kind allow the organism of decay to gain entrance. Other fungi which do not dependent upon injuries to it, attack fruits in transit and storage; but these forms of decay much less prevalent. The germination of the decay spores which are analogous to the seeds higher plants, is dependent upon proper moisture and temperature conditions.Germination does not take place while the fruit is perfectly dry when the temperature is low.After the spores have germinated，however，andthedecayhasstartedinfruit,evenaslowtemperature12deg.F.willnotwhollycheckit.Widthofthemoldisonlyretardedthedecaycontinuesslowlytodevelop. The prompt and rapid reduction of temperature below the point where the decay spores will germinate prevents the development ofthecase,andevenfruitwhichhasanrenderedextremelysusceptibleoughmechanicalinjuryofsomedcanbetransportedwithonlylightlossfromdecaywhenpromptlydied.itisnotadvisable,howeverdependuponprecoolingtoprev-decayfollowinginjuries.Theresofthefungiarenotdestroyedthelowtemperature.Theremeremaindormantuntilconditionsbecomeoverripe,fruitsaresubjecttopremierationcontainingmanyexactelevationsinstate.toitsurvey.containingalistoftheseascertainedelevations,thelatestbeingbulletin481justissued—ResultsofSpiritLevelinginCalifornia，1907to1910.compiledunderthe directionofRobertB.Marshall,cheadgeographer.Theelevationsnotinedthisbulletinrangefrom8.58feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto100000feetbelowsealevelto10 Here the decay spores will germinate, prevents the development of the disease, and even fruit which has been rendered extremely susceptible through mechanical injury of some hard can be transported with only slight loss from decay when promptly dried. It is not advisable, however, depend upon precooling to prevent decay following injuries. The fires of the fungi are not destroyed at the low temperature. They mere remain dormant until conditions favorable for their germination and growth. These conditions usually last as soon as the fruit is unloaded from the cars, especially in humid hot weather. The loss from decay is thus transferred to the marsh end, and such fruit will soon attain a reputation for poor marketing quality and will be discounted accordingly. It is just as important that fruit remain in sound condition long enough after arrival in market to be sold and consumed as it gets to market sound. Precooling may not be legitimately subdued for careful handling in preparing fruit for shipment. The precooling investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry were begun in 1904, when, so far as is known, the first application of this principle to the handling of fruit was made by Powell, in Georgia, in connection with a study of the cause of decay in peaches during trans- from the southeastern states to northern markets. These investigations have been continued and extend as rapidly as the means at hand would permit, and it will be necessary to continue the work for a number of years, as many problems remain unsolved. The work so far has included the cooling of peaches,anges, and table grapes in California, and additional work on peaches in Georgia. In the first peach work in Georgia and California (1904 and 1905) the precooling was done in ordinary refrigerator cars. The bunkers were filled with ice and salt and the fruit was stacked openly, half a carload cooled at a time to allow free circulation of the cold air. These experiments were therefore of the warehouse" type of precooling,and which insures the thorough cooling every package before it is loaded for shipment. For the orange and grape work and for the later peach work in Georgia special equipment, using mechanical refrigeration, was provided. Most of the orange work was done in connex- logical Survey has determined with exactness the altitudes of many hundreds of points in different parts of the state. Two bulletins have already been published by the survey, containing a list of these ascertained elevations, the latest being bulletin 481 just issued—Results of Spirit Leveling in California, 1907 to 1910, compiled under the direction of Robert B. Marshall, chief geographer. The elevations noted in this bulletin range from 8.58 feet below sea level to 10,607,604 feet above, the latter being in the Mount Lyell quadrangle, in Mono Pass. The spirit leveling work in Sacramento, Salinas, and San Joaquin valleys was done in cooperation with the State. The report gives the exact elevations above mean sea level of more than 1700 points which have been determined by the geological survey. The advantage of the publication to engineers and surveyors is obvious for each locality whose elevations has thus been accurately determined affords a starting point for a survey of any kind which may be contemplated. The geological survey has already published 174 topographic maps of California quadrangles, and while they show a large number of elevations, they are approximate, being stated only to the nearest foot,where as the bulletin gives the elevations to the thousandth of a foot. For example, the following statement is found in the bulletin under "Mount Lyell Quadrangle:" "Mono Pass, 30 feet north from shore of Summit Lake, and 4 feet to right of trail; iron post stamped "10-599 O." 10,607.604 feet. The numbers stamped on the bench marks (in quotations) represent the elevations to the nearest foot as determined by the levelman. These numbers are stamped with three-sixteenth-inch steel dies on tablets or post caps, to the left of the word "Feet." The office adjustment of the notes and the reduction to mean sea level datum have in some cases changed the figures so that the original markings are now 1 or more feet in error. Engineers and others who have occasion to use the bench-mark elevation should refer to bulletins 342 and 481, or apply to the director of the survey at Washington, D.C., for the latest adjusted values, using the bench markings as identification numbers only. Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Kansas,Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana,Nevada,新 Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon Wyoming,South Dakota Utah,and Washington.No examination will be held in Michigan. The law requires that, when practicable, forest rangers must be qualified citizens of the state or territory in which the national forest on which they are appointed is situated.Since the list of local eligibles must be exhausted before eligibles residing in other states can be appointed,the chance of citizens of outside states who go to the national forest states and take the examination to secure an appointment is small. The requirements and duties of forest rangers are thus described in"The Use Book,"which contains the regulations and instructions for the use of the national forests: A ranger of any grade must be thoroughly sound and able-bodied,capable of enduring hardships and performing severe labor under trying conditions. He must be able to take care of himself and his horses in regions remote from settlement and supplies. He must be able to build trails and cabins,ride,pack,and deal tactfully with all classes of people. He must know something of land surveying, estimating and scaling timber, logging,land laws,mining,and the live stock business. On some forests the ranger must be a specialist in one or more of these lines of work. Thorough familiarity with the region in which he seeks employment,including its geography and its forest and industrial conditions,is usually demanded although lack of this may be supplied by experience in similar regions. The examination of applicants is along the practical lines indicated above,and actual demonstration,bby performance.is required.Invalids seeking light out-of-door employment need not apply.Experience,not book education,iis soughtalthough ability to make simple maps and to write intelligent reports upon ordinary forest business is essential. For duty in some parts of Arizona and New Mexicothe ranger also must know enough Spanishto conduct forest business with Mexicans. Where saddle horses or pack horses are necessary in the performance of their duty,rangers are required to own and maintain them.The forest service furnishes no personal or horse equipment. For the orange and grape work and later peach work in Georgia special equipment, using mechanical refrigeration, was provided. Most of the orange work was done in connection with commercial cold-storage, including cooling in refrigerated rooms before loading and by blowing cold air through the cars after loading. The cooling of oranges before loading was done in ordinary cold-storage rooms provided with a liberal amount of piping. The orange work is the most comprehensive of any precooling work done with fruits. The car-precooling work with this fruit included tests on 44 cars; in the warehouse storage room cooling, 30 cars were handled. The results of this work are corroborative and definite and show that to accomplish the precooling with any reasonable degree of rapidity after the fruit is loaded in cars requires the use of very large volumes of very cold air. The difficulty of cooling fruit wrapped in paper and tightly packed in boxes was strikingly shown, and where the same element is important heavy machinery and power must be provided. This work also brought out the imracticability of cooling all parts of the car equally; there were frequently differences of more than 20 degrees between the coldest and the warmest fruit in the same car after a run of 18 to 24 hours. It therefore becomes necessary in car precooling to chill some of the boxes as nearly changed the figures so that the original markings are now 1 or more feet in error. Engineers and others who have occasion to use the bench-mark elevation should refer to bulletins 342 and 481, or apply to the director of the survey at Washington, D.C., for the latest adjusted values, using the bench markings as identification numbers only. TRINITY RIVER BASIN Gold Gravels in California Investigated by the United States Geological Survey The gold-bearing gravels of the Trinity River basin, California, form the subject of a brief report by J. S. Diller, of the United States geological survey. The basin is especially noted for its placer mines which have been worked since the early fifties, and it contains the La Grange mine, the largest hydraulic mine now in operation. In tracing the early geologic transformations of the region Mr. Diller states that there were many advances and retreats of the glacial ice through a long period, and shows that the movements of the glaciers were closely related to the development of the valley terraces during the last cycle of erosion, when the modern streams were trenching their present valleys deeply below the general level of the plateau. Glaciers, Mr. Diller says, are "gravel mills," and the gravel and bowlders of the till of the earlier glaciers, having thoroughly decomposed, liberated all the gold for concentration by stream action in the gravels capping the terraces of the present streams. In thus initiating the concentration of write intelligent reports upon ordinary forest business is essential. For duty in some parts of Arizona and New Mexico the ranger also must know enough Spanish to conduct forest business with Mexicans. Where saddle horses or pack horses are necessary in the performance of their duty, rangers are required to own and maintain them. The forest service furnishes no personal or horse equipment. Rangers execute the work of the national forests under the direction of supervisors. Their duties include patrol to prevent fire and trespass, estimating, surveying, and marking timber, the supervision of cuttings, and similar work. They issue minor permits, build cabins and trails, oversee grazing business, investigate all claims, report on applications, and report upon the arrest for violation of forest laws and regulations. The examination will consist of questions regarding the use of the forest, supplemented by a field test to show the applicant's fitness to do the actual work of a ranger. Education and experience will be rated on the answers to the questions on these subjects in the application form and on the applicant's use of English in the written test. Horses for the test i riding and packing will be provided by the forest service. The examination is under the control of the civil service commission, and not of the forest service. Information in detail regarding it, including the names of the places at which it will be held, will be sent to anyone applying to the United States civil service commission, Washington, D.C. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF ANAHEIM United States Depository for the Postal Savings System Capital, $50,000. Surplus and Undivided Profits, $52,000 Resources over $700,000.00 Officers: JOHN HARTUNG, Pres. FRANK SHANLEY FRANK SHANLEY, V. P. A. S. BRADFORD A. S. BRADFORD, V. P. EDGAR J. HARTUNG, Cashier SAMUEL KRAEMER OTTO STORM, Asst. Cashier EDGAR. J. HARTUNG We offer every facility consistent with Sound and Conservative Banking 4 PER CENT PAID ON TIME CERTIFICATES Buy Lots in Zeyn Tract Now More than a fourth of those fine residence lots have been sold. Sidewalks and curbs will be completed and the streets graded and oiled in about one more month when prices of remaining lots will be advanced. Best building restrictions in City. Terms one-fourth cash. To Cash Purchasers we will loan money to build if desired. Secure a lot for your home before prices are raised. More than a fourth of those fine residence lots have been sold. Sidewalks and curbs will be completed and the streets graded and oiled in about one more month when prices of remaining lots will be advanced. Best building restrictions in City. Terms one-fourth cash. To Cash Purchasers we will loan money to build if desired. Secure a lot for your home before prices are raised. SEE P. H. KRICK At Office, No. 113 E. Center St., or at Residence, 315 N. Los Angeles St., Anaheim. Electric Power Is The Cheap Power Because: Cost of installation is less; labor for operating is saved; less floor space is required; friction and wear and tear are reduced to a minimum; repair bills are obviated; injury to building by vibration is eliminated; there is no loss in the shafting and pulleys; no energy lost in getting started; always ready; always reliable; service is always perfect. Southern California Edison Co. Nagel's Hardware 136 E. Center St., Anaheim, Cal., handles everything in light and heavy Hardware, Garden Hose, Garden Tools, Poultry Wire, Screen Wire, Lawn Mowers, Oil Stoves, Gas Stoves, Plates and Ranges, Refrigerators, Ice Cream Freezers, Queensware, Glassware, Tinware, Graniteware, Cooking Utensils, and a full line of Pallets and Oils. A. NAGEL 136 E. Center St., Anaheim, California W.L.KREUSCHER Plumbing, Steam and Gas Fitting Cornice and Skylights, Hot Air Furnaces Guttering of all descriptions. All Jobbing Work promptly attended to. Plumbing, Steam and Gas Fitting Cornice and Skylights, Hot Air Furnaces Guttering of all descriptions. All Jobbing Work promptly attended to. 124 S. Los Angeles St. - Anaheim, Cal. HOME 803; PACIFIC 2541. AnaheimSanitarium Cor. Chartres and Hermine Sts. For the care of patients suffering from non-contagious diseases. School for nurses. Board of Directors S. Kraemer, President W. M. Wickett, Vice Pres't C. E. Holcomb, Secy-Treas J. .L Beebe H. A. Johnston Medical and Surgical Staff Dr. H. A. Johnston Dr. J. L. Beebe Dr. C. W. Harvey Dr. J. W. Utter Phone Main 1646 MISS. A. SLINGSLY, Supt. A Gazette Liner does the Business