anaheim-gazette 1911-09-07
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MARKETING FRUIT CROPS
G. Harold Powell Writes of Co-operation in Handling Them
Editor Gazette.—The handling and marketing of crops through cooperative associations is more highly developed in fruit growing than in any other agricultural industry in America. These organizations are formed to purchase the supplies used in the production and marketing of the crops, to standardize the harvesting, handling, grading and packing of the fruit, to sell the fruit of the members as a unit under whatever system of marketing is adopted, to prevent disastrous competition by bringing about an equitable distribution all through the country, and to handle the fruit business in other ways collectively rather than individually whenever it can be done more economically and effectively. There are several hundred of these associations among the fruit growers of the Western States and a number that are successful among the fruit growers in the central west and along the Atlantic coast.
Fruit growing is a highly specialized industry in the western states. The growers there have often had extensive business experience before engaging in horticulture. The industry in the west is confined in the valleys and foothills or is more or less geographically localized in other ways. Land values are usually high in comparison with the price of land in the east, cultural practices are more expensive and intensive, the markets thousands of miles distant, andidence in handling his affairs is a tradition that has been his for generations. He would rather conduct his business man to man, as his fathers have done before him, unless necessity compels him to do otherwise. The cooperative movements that have been organized among prosperous fruit growers have usually failed. The social, the political, or the altruistic motives have not been strong enough to hold a group of money making farmers together. The only successful cooperative efforts until recently have been those which have been born of desperate necessity.
Cooperation must be effected when the fruit industry is at low ebb to have the virility to live in the face of the attacks to which all such efforts are at first subjected, but after the growers have learned the power of cooperation as a business opportunity, their organizations become permanent and exert a powerful influence in the development of a better social life and through their participation in the progress and management of rural affairs, in the development of a better citizenship. No other agency is so powerful in bringing about better farming, better methods of handling the industry, a greater prosperity, and a better community than a group of farmers who are successfully organized to protect and develop their agricultural interests. The American farmer is beginning to realize that the powerful influence of consolidated capital has been the source of the tremendous industrial progress of the last generation. He is beginning to take a greater interest in the method of proration if the total amount of operating expenses, usually included in supershould be set forth in G.H.
Los Angeles, Sept.
COAL TRADE OF THE COAST
The fuel requirementific coast and the methemism are of especial present time because in regard to the development of the coAlaska. The report on coal in 1910, he coal statistician of the geological survey, no will contain some immections on this subject.
The present consortium on the Pacific coastker, is not large and formation of any coal will depend on namibia to the development industries. For manufacturing purposition of oil., particularly largely exceeds that for railroad use oil is only fuel. The principals are wood and gas. Recently oil itself hasSTANCE as a domestic Consumed by locomotion against a little over for 1910. The total Duel oil was probably
Fruit growing is a highly specialized industry in the western states. The growers there have often had extensive business experience before engaging in horticulture. The industry in the west is confined in the valleys and foothills or is more or less geographically localized in other ways. Land values are usually high in comparison with the price of land in the east, cultural practices are more expensive and intensive, the markets are thousands of miles distant, and the problems of production, transportation, distribution, marketing, and legislation are too complex for the average individual grower to meet and solve alone. Under these conditions, cooperative effort is a business necessity, just as the consolidation of capitol in other industries is necessary for its own preservation. The production, buying, distribution, and selling of crops must be accomplished by working together. Things must be done in a large way if the fruit-grower is to deal on the same level with the combinations of capital with which his product comes in contact at every step from the orchard to the consumer. The western fruit growers have therefore formed associations of various kinds to work out the problems that confront them.
At the foundation of the semiarid western horticulture lies the necessity for irrigation, and the irrigation systems, which are largely owned and controlled by the farmers, form a common tie which binds them closely together and makes cooperation in other things more easily accomplished than is the case in the humid fruit-growing sections of the east. They may cooperate to protect the orchards from insect pests and diseases or from frost, to pick the fruit, to prepare it for shipment, and to direct its distribution, storage, and marketing. They may own outfits for spraying and fumigating, packing houses that cost thousands of dollars, and storage plants of large capacity. They may develop a system of distribution and of market reporting which keeps them in daily touch with the markets in every part of the United States and Canada and with the general movement of fruit in transit. They may advertise their products extensively and through their organizations handle the legislative and other public-policy questions that vitally affect the industry.
In the central and eastern parts of the country the growing of fruit is not usually specialized or localized. It is more likely to be an incidental feature in bringing about better farming, better methods of handling the industry, a greater prosperity, and a better community than a group of farmers who are successfully organized to protect and develop their agricultural interests. The American farmer is beginning to realize that the powerful influence of consolidated capital has been the source of the tremendous industrial progress of the last generation. He is beginning to take a greater interest in the possibilities of cooperative action when applied to his own problems.
There are many kinds of cooperative associations among the fruit growers of the United States. In a nonprofit association, which represents the ideal type of cooperation, the members usually have an equal voice in its management and share proportionally in its benefits and risks. Such an organization is a voluntary industrial democracy in which the fruit growers manage and control the distribution and marketing of their own products. Every member of the association is a bona fide producer and his fruit is handled exclusively by the association. All of the operations are carried on at cost, and after operating expenses, depreciation, and a reasonable interest on the capital invested in the equipment of the association are deducted, the profits are distributed to the members in proportion to the amount of business each has transacted through the organization. The powers of the association are vested in a board of directors selected by the growers, who manage and control its affairs and business through officers or agents appointed by it and subject to its advice and direction.
The first step in organizing a cooperative association is to incorporate it under the laws of a state. This usually has to be done under the laws that authorize the formation of stock or membership corporations, as few of the states have provided for the incorporation of nonprofit cooperative agricultural or horticultural associations.
The association needs to be incorporated on broad lines. The articles of incorporation should set forth the purpose for which the association is formed and should provide for every activity in which it may wish to engage. They should define the principal place of business, the life of the association, the number and power of the directors, the voting power and property rights of the members, the amount of the capital stockk and all other things of a general nature so powerful in bringing about better farming, better methods of handling the industry, a greater prosperity, and a better community than a group of farmers who are successfully organized to protect and develop their agricultural interests. The American farmer is beginning to realize that the powerful influence of consolidated capital has been the source of the tremendous industrial progress of the last generation. He is beginning to take a greater interest in the possibilities of cooperative action when applied to his own problems.
There are many kinds of cooperative associations among the fruit growers of the United States. In a nonprofit association, which represents the ideal type of cooperation, the members usually have an equal voice in its management and share proportionally in its benefits and risks. Such an organization is a voluntary industrial democracy in which the fruit growers manage and control the distribution and marketing of their own products. Every member of the association is a bona fide producer and his fruit is handled exclusively by the association. All of the operations are carried on at cost, and after operating expenses, depreciation, and a reasonable interest on the capital invested in the equipment of the association are deducted, the profits are distributed to the members in proportion to the amount of business each has transacted through the organization. The powers of the association are vested in a board of directors selected by the growers, who manage and control its affairs and business through officers or agents appointed by it and subject to its advice and direction.
The first step in organizing a cooperative association is to incorporate it under the laws of a state. This usually has to be done under the laws that authorize the formation of stock or membership corporations, as few of the states have provided for the incorporation of nonprofit cooperative agricultural or horticultural associations.
The association needs to be incorporated on broad lines. The articles of incorporation should set forth the purpose for which the association is formed and should provide for every activity in which it may wish to engage. They should define the principal place of business, the life of the association, the number and power of the directors, the voting power and property rights of the members, the amount of the capital stockk and all other things of a general nature so powerful in bringing about better farming, better methods of handling the industry, a greater prosperity, and a better community than a group of farmers who are successfully organized to protect and develop their agricultural interests. The American farmer is beginning to realize that the powerful influence of consolidated capital has been the source of the tremendous industrial progress of the last generation. He is beginning to take a greater interest in the possibilities of cooperative action when applied to his own problems.
There are many kinds of cooperative associations among the fruit growers of the United States. In a nonprofit association, which represents the ideal type of cooperation, the members usually have an equal voice in its management and share proportionally in its benefits and risks. Such an organization is a voluntary industrial democracy in which the fruit growers manage and control the distribution and marketing of their own products. Every member of the association is a bona fide producer and his fruit is handled exclusively by the association. All ofthe operations are carried on at cost,and after operating expenses ,depreciation,and a reasonable interest onthe capital investedintheequipmentoftheassociationarededucted,theprofitsaredistributedtothemembersinproportiontotheamountbusinesseachhastransactedthroughtheorganization.Thepowersoftheassociationarevestedinaboardofdirectorsselectedbythegrowers,whomanageandcontrolitsaffairsandbusinessthroughofficersoragentsappointedbyitandsubjecttoitsadviceanddirection.
The first step in organizing a cooperative association is to incorporate it under the laws of a state. This usually has to be done underthe laws that authorizetheformationofstockormembershipcorporations,asfewofthestateshaveprovidedfortheincorporationofnonprofitcooperativeagriculturalorhorticulturalassociations.
The association needs to be incorporated on broad lines. The articles of incorporation should set forth the purpose for which the association is formed and should provide for every activity in which it may wish to engage. They should define the principal place of business,thelifeoftheassociation,thenumberandpowerofthedirectors,thevotingpowerandpropertyrightsofthemembers,theamountofthecapitalstockkandallotherthingsofageneralnaturesopowerfulinbringingaboutbetterfarming,bettermethodsOfhandlingtheindustry,agreaterprosperity,andabethercommunitythanagroupoffarmershainlargelyexceedsthatforrailroaduse油inonlyfuel.Theprincipleiswoodandgas.Recently oil itself has tended asa domestic oil company consumedbylocomotor againsta littleoverfor1910.Thetotal fuel oil was probably 000and4000000busbetween4000000and1910.ThepracticalsupplyforthePacificOceanofWashington,theCaliforniaandOregontentionaloilof coalinWashiro263shorttons.Cap45000tonsandOregon1910theproductionacificcoastwas3903Washington6270711164tonsinCaliforniostbituminous752046tons,andoftons.Theexportsofthewere26883tons771tonsin1910.TreatmentofcoalonthefromvariousSOURCES576052shorttonsands398tons.TheimpactPacificcoastportsonwall),asreportedbystatisticsofthedepartmentandlabor.wanttonsin1909and1148.Including761showsentfromPugetSoutheasttotalquantityoftotheAlaskain1910tons.ofwhich8178BritishColumbia,towoolwithinthetermedatetat1000tons.orofthetotalconsumption.
them in daily touch with the markets in every part of the United States and Canada and with the general movement of fruit in transit. They may advertise their products extensively and through their organizations handle the legislative and other public-policy questions that vitally affect the industry.
In the central and eastern parts of the country the growing of fruit is not usually specialized or localized. It is more likely to be an incidental feature of the general agriculture of a community. It is slowly developing into a specialized industry, especially in many sections of the east and the south, though it is still largely in the hands of men whose only experience has been gained on the farm. In the eastern half of the United States, where irrigation is not required, the difficulties of production are more easily overcome, competition among fruit buyers is more or less keen, markets are comparatively close at hand, and the problems of transportation and of marketing are not as acute as they are with the western fruit grower.
The need of cooperation has not faced the eastern fruit grower as squarely as it has the grower in the west. Hence, the cooperative movement has been of slower development in the east, except in such industries as grape growing in western New York and the citrus fruit industry in Florida, where the stability of the capital invested has been threatened as a result of a haphazard system of individual distribution or of local selling and marketing. Under these conditions there have been formed virile organizations of growers for the distribution and marketing of the products, and such organizations when properly directed have been successful.
Cooperation among farmers is now more difficult to effect than the consolidation of capital in other business enterprises. The farmer is the most individualistic of American citizens. It is not easy for him to transact his business with his neighbors. Independent
The association needs to be incorporated on broad lines. The articles of incorporation should set forth the purpose for which the association is formed and should provide for every activity in which it may wish to engage. They should define the principal place of business, the life of the association, the number and power of the directors, the voting power and property rights of the members, the amount of the capital stockk and all other things of a general nature that are needed to be included in the incorporation of such a body.
A code of by-laws needs to be adopted for the government and management of a cooperative association. The by-laws should define the methods of exercising the power of the corporation through the board of directors and the officers appointed by it, the conditions surrounding the admission of members, the dues or the stock to be paid by each, and the conditions surrounding the same. They should provide broad powers for the manager, including the supervision of the harvesting, grading, packing, distribution, and sale of the fruit, or for such of these operations as the association may wish to perform. They should define the grades to be adopted by the association for each kind of fruit. They should contain a provision by which the grower gives the association the exclusive right to market the fruit, with the possible exception of the lowest grades, and to harvest, grade, and pack the same. This includes the selling of the fruit for the members either as individuals or through pools of fruit, a penalty to be collected by the association for every package sold outside of the association. These objects are attained by the signature of the farmer to the by-laws of the association, or the association may require a special contract to be executed with the cooperating member.
The methods of providing money for operating expenses, such as a fixed assessment against every package to Alaska in 1910 tons, of which 8178 British Columbia, and from Washington. Coal within the territory at 1000 tons, or of the total consumption.
Senator Bell of Permanent Senate AMENDED
Section 1. Every United States shall have acquired zenship under or by city of Querataro, and organized citizen thereof become such 90 day election, of the age shall have been reelected one year next preceding and of the county claims his or her name in the election procedure no native of China sane person, no person any infamous crime after convicted or misappropriationey, and no person able to read the English language on her name, shall enjoy privileges of an ele- provided, that she amendment relative qualification shall person prevented ability from compli- requirements, nor to now has she right any person who shi- age and upward amendment shall go.
If this amendmen- the constitution ther- ger taxation with- and government wi-
of fruit handled by the association and the method of prorating the balance. If the total amount of the pacage assessment amounts to more than the operating expenses, and other things usually included in such organizations should be set forth in the by-laws.
G. Harold Powers.
Los Angeles, Sept. 5, 1911.
COAL TRADE OF THE PACIFIC COAST
The fuel requirements of the Pacific coast and the methods of meeting them are of especial interest at the present time because of the agitation in regard to the development or non-development of the coal resources of Alaska. The report on the production of coal in 1910, by E. W. Parker, coal statistician of the United States geological survey, now in preparation will contain some interesting statements on this subject.
The present consumption of coal on the Pacific coast, says Mr. Parker, is not large and the successful operation of any coal mines in Alaska will depend on naming prices attractive to the development of manufacturing industries. For railroad and manufacturing purposes the consumption of oil,, particularly in California, largely exceeds that of coal—in fact, for railroad use oil is practically the only fuel. The principal domestic fuels are wood and gas made from oil. Recently oil itself has assumed importance as a domestic fuel. About 15,000,000 barrels of California oil were consumed by locomotives in 1909, as against a little over 18,000,000 barrels for 1910. The total consumption of fuel oil was probably between 35,000-
The women of this great state, as intelligent and deserving of all the blessings of self-government as those of any commonwealth in the union, will have a means of protecting their own property, a right which no man would surrender.
The women of California will by this amendment have a voice in regulating the conditions under which they and their children exist.
Woman has the inherent moral right to prepare herself to enjoy the highest blessings of government and to do her full part in securing them for herself and her children.
Women who pay taxes should vote. Women who have children should have a vote in protecting them morally and physically.
Statement by State Senator C. W. Bell
Hon. Chas. W. Bell of Pasadena presented the following argument in favor of the adoption of this amendment of which he was the author:
Women have the intelligence, the perseverance and the honesty of purpose to assist in the uplifting of the state.
The reasons why women should vote are the same as the reasons why men should vote, the same as the reasons for having a republic rather than a monarchy.
Equal suffrage would increase the proportion of educational voters. The high schools of every state in the union are graduating more girls than boys—often twice or three times as many.
There are, in the schools of California, over 10,000 teachers, of whom 85 per cent are women. The teach-
Many of the laws and reforms of the present day relative to the welfare of the child, the protection of women and of public health and morals have been inspired and secured by women.
It is highly significant that the women who are doing either volunteer or paid social work all over this country are almost unanimous in their belief that they could do their work better if they could vote. The women who are doing valiant service on civil committees and play ground commissions, those working for a proper milk supervision, the probation-officers, those on the housing commissions, all the noble women who are giving time and consideration to philanthropic work, these women all know actual conditions, they come into contact with realities.
All the arguments against woman suffrage have been answered by the operations of equal suffrage in New Zealand, Australia, Finland, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho and Utah.
That many thousands of women in this state do want the ballot, and want it very much, is shown by the activity of the suffrage organizations. There are fifty of them in this state working hard for this reform. Many other clubs and organizations of women in California have endorsed the suffrage movement. More women are asking for the ballot than have any disfranchised class of men in the history of the world.
Conceding, as we must do, that the ballot is a moral force—that morality has entered our politics, the moral force of women is crippled by the denial of the ballot and hence that de-
The principal source of coal supply for the Pacific coast is the state of Washington, the output of both California and Oregon being at present small. In 1909 the total production of coal in Washington was 3,602,263 short tons. California produced 45,000 tons and Oregon 87,276 tons. In 1910 the production of coal on the Pacific coast was 3,903,983 short tons in Washington, 62,707 tons in Oregon and 11,164 tons in California. The imports of bituminous coal amounted to 752,046 tons, and of antracite to 9116 tons. The exports of coal from Seattle were 26,883 tons in 1909 and 23,771 tons in 1910. The total consumption of coal on the Pacific coast from various sources in 1909 was 4,576,052 short tons and in 1910 4,812,398 tons. The imports of coke to Pacific coast ports (exclusive of Hawaii), as reported by the bureau of statistics of the department of commerce and labor, were 111,676 short tons in 1909 and 114,061 tons in 1910.
Including 761 short tons of coal sent from Puget Sound to Bering Sea the total quantity of coal shipped into Alaska in 1910 was 98,420 short tons, of which 8178 tons went from British Columbia, and 15,877 tons from Washington. The production of coal within the territory was reported at 1000 tons, or about 1 per cent of the total consumption.
SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT
Senator Bell of Pasadena Issues Statement Supporting it
SENATE AMENDMENT NO. 8
The reasons why women should vote are the same as the reasons why men should vote, the same as the reasons for having a republic rather than a monarchy.
Equal suffrage would increase the proportion of educational voters. The high schools of every state in the union are graduating more girls than boys—often twice or three times as many.
There are, in the schools of California, over 10,000 teachers, of whom 85 per cent are women. The teaching of civics is obligatory.
Women are conscientious, and it would create a large reserve vote for civic righteousness.
The inalienable rights of persons as they are affected by legislation must be preserved to women and no one can fully represent her in framing laws which deal with them.
Representative democracy without equal suffrage is impossible, because it is only through this form of government that people who are subject to laws may have a voice in making them. Restriction of the franchise tends to encourage aristocracy, while equal suffrage will encourage democracy.
If women vote it will not destroy the home. It only means a short time once or twice a year to go to the polls and during these few minutes she wields a power that is doing more to protect her home and all other homes than any other possible influence.
The home far from suffering will gain by woman's extended sphere of activity.
Women in their homes are responsible for the health, cleanliness and the comfort of their families. Many of the industries which women formerly controlled in their own homes have become matters of city and of state administration, so that it is not fair to hold women responsible for the cleanliness and healthfulness of food, and the prevention of disease unless she has a right to an opinion about these matters, now that they are public questions. The solution of the problems of which involve unsanitary housing, poisonous sewage, infant mortality, impure milk, juvenile crime, prostitution and drunkenness should have the help of minds which in the past attempted to care for children, clean homes, to prepare foods, and isolate the family from moral dangers.
Economic conditions have forced women to support themselves and others. They have been carried by necessity into all the professions and activity of the suffrage organizations.
There are fifty of them in this state working hard for this reform. Many other clubs and organizations of women in California have endorsed the suffrage movement. More women are asking for the ballot than have any disfranchised class of men in the history of the world.
Conceding, as we must do, that the ballot is a moral force—that morality has entered our politics, the moral force of women is crippled by the denial of the ballot and hence that denial retards the advancement of truth and justice.
Summing up the matter, if there were no question of manhood suffrage or womanhood suffrage, if all citizens of this republic were confronted with the task of government, and the suffrage had not as yet been conferred on any of them, would there be any hesitancy in awarding the privilege to men and women upon some basis of equal qualifications?
The world needs women's influence in public affairs, and women need the influence of a larger world, a larger responsibility than they have been allowed to feel. Only with men and women developing and progressing side by side can we expect an approximation of that splendid destiny which awaits the arousing of all citizens to the exercise of the privilege and responsibility of cooperation in a government for all the people by all the people.
WOULD EFFECT COMBINATION
A meeting of sugar beet growers of Huntington Beach, Smeltzer, Wintersburg and Talbert, covering a radius of about six miles around, met recently at Talbert for the purpose of organizing a beet growers association for mutual protection and the fixing of prices. The territory represented at the meeting was nearly five thousand acres. Delegates were named to attend a meeting to be held at Los Angeles with growers from Compton, Artesia and Buena Park, and if growers from these points will unite, the association to be formed will represent 15,000 acres of sugar beets.
It is understood that one of the purposes of the association to be formed is to raise the price now paid to growers for their beets. The existence of four sugar factories in this county, besides one now being built, affords a competitive market to growers of sugar beets and it is apparently the intention of the growers to take advantage of the fact.
The output of the 15,000 acres, which it is hoped will be represented in this proposed area is about 200,000
SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT
Senator Bell of Pasadena issues Statement Supporting it
SENATE AMENDMENT NO. 8
Section 1. Every native citizen of the United States, every person who shall have acquired the rights of citizenship under or by virtue of the treaty of Querataro, and every naturalized citizen thereof, who shall have become such 90 days prior to any election, of the age of 21 years, who shall have been resident of the state one year next preceding the election, and of the county which he or she claims his or her home 90 days, and in the election precinct 30 days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or hereafter may be authorized by law; provided, no native of China, no idiot, no insane person, no person convicted of any infamous crime, no person hereafter convicted of the embezzlement or misappropriation of public money, and no person who shall not be able to read the constitution in the English language and write his or her name, shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in this state; provided, that the provisions of this amendment relative to an educational qualification shall not apply to any person prevented by a physical disability from complying with its requirements, nor to any person who now has the right to vote. nor to any person who shall be 60 years of age and upward at the time this amendment shall go into effect.
If this amendment is voted into the constitution there will be no longer taxation without representation and government without consent of the governed of California.
COLONIST RATES FROM EAST
Sold daily from September 15th to October 15th, 1911, at all points in the East, South and Middle West to points in California at very low rates.
Persons wishing to prepay fares for friends may have tickets furnished by paying necessary amount to Southern Pacific agent.
Bring Your Friends to California
Fares from a few important points will be as follows to California common points and intermediates on direct lines.
PROPORTIONATE RATES FROM OTHER POINTS
Chicago, Ill. - $83.00
Minneapolis, Minn. - 31.75
St. Paul, Minn. - 31.75
Omaha, Neb. - 25.00
Kansas City, Mo. - 25.00
St. Louis, Mo. - 32.00
New Orleans, La. - 32.00
New York - $50.00 to $53.00
Philadelphia - 49.75 to 51.25
Washington, D.C. - 49.75
Boston, Mass. - 50.15 to 52.15
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