anaheim-gazette 1911-08-17
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PROFIT IN SEWER FARMS
How Fresno is Dealing Successfully With Sewage Disposal
Sewer farms are now fast becoming recognized, and used extensively, as a very desirable final unit in the general plan and system of sewage purification works. This is especially true in localities where no natural river or stream or other larger body of water exists into which sewage effluents can be discharged and thus finally disposed of, and also true in cities and towns where contamination of water by sewage effluent is feared or prohibited.
When it becomes more fully appreciated that sewer farms can be made a paying investment, we will see that the purchase and use of sewer farms, by municipalities, will become universal.
As an illustration of the growth of this idea, the experience of the city of Fresno is referred to in a paper received at this office written by Chris P. Jensen, city engineer of that city. For many years prior to 1905 Fresno paid annually the sum of $5000 to one man for the privilege of dumping the raw sewage upon his land. The person used the sewage for the same purpose that he would have used ordinary irrigation water, and in addition thereto paying the usual rental. The fact that, after making other arrangements for the disposal of sewage, the same person begs to be allowed to buy the use of the effluent at one dollar per acre irrigated, proves that he, at least, considered the sewage a very good investment, even in its raw state.
In 1905 steps were taken to purchase a sewer farm for the final dis-
rgation, however, insures a thorough purification of the applied sewage, providing the irrigation fields have been properly prepared for the purpose. The principles which underlie the practice of ordinary irrigation are what must be followed in sewage farming. There is no special treatment of the sewage required outside of straining. The method of preparing the soil, underdraining, flooding and cropping are the same, whether sewage or fresh water is applied. The raising of crops is the chief consideration in sewage irrigation, as it is in ordinary irrigation, and the fields if prepared for that purpose, will completely purify the sewage which is applied, provided judgment is shown in the dosing of fields not to apply too much sewage at one time or at too frequent intervals. When the amount of sewage applied to a given area is not excessive, the organic solids are gradually dissolved with the formation of soluble products suitable for the food of higher plants, and the liquid seeps away to join the ground water, or is carried off in underdrains, as the case may be. If however, the fields are overdosed, they become sewage sick; the surface clogs, pools are formed, putrefaction begins and a stench arises. Only a complete rest will then restore the fields to their normal condition.
Any soil that is suitable for agricultural purposes will be found suitable for sewage farming or irrigation.
All soils suitable for farming are made up of varying proportions of sand, humus, slit and clay. No one of these ingredients alone make up a suitable soil, nor is it possible to find any one of these ingredients which is not mixed to a greater or less extent with the others. Loams, the most valuable of farming soils cereals, like corn; vegetal matoes and english walnuts fa and Italia ing of alfalfa en particularly money invest-
REFORES
Government
Trees
The wasted nardino mounted. Hundreds will be planted partment and now in the g Lytle Creek, years to come to flourish ag lage and inste alone, mountain tion of the gl ershed. Trees nursery have gathered by ex of the world. ing varieties, the lure of th
The forestry ing on beginni ing the forests of the spring.
Believing th head landmark overlooking th dino Valley wi fof storm water winter, the na are preparing county to join a protection w swept from on the flames du The brush whi will grow out i til then there
The person used the sewage for the same purpose that he would have used ordinary irrigation water, and in addition thereto paying the usual rental. The fact that, after making other arrangements for the disposal of sewage, the same person begs to be allowed to buy the use of the effluent at one dollar per acre irrigated, proves that he, at least, considered the sewage a very good investment, even in its raw state.
In 1905 steps were taken to purchase a sewer farm for the final disposition of the sewage, the idea being to first pass the sewage on through a series of sedimentation or socalled septic tanks. This farm comprises an area of 812 acres, which, considering that Fresno's population is only about 30,000, appears rather large; the sewage flow, however, averages from six to seven cubic feet per second, or 4,000,000 gallons per day. During the normal irrigating season this effluent will irrigate 600 acres or more. Leaving but a small margin for increase of population and consequent increase of sewage flow.
At the present time, during the winter months, the effluent is carried to a certain large cattle ranch several miles distant, where it is allowed to spread over a considerable area of wild feed land. Should this means of disposition at any time be taken away, the effluent can be cared for at the sewer farm itself, by rotating the sewage on various 20-acre plots.
Like every other new undertaking mistakes were made in the beginning of the work of placing the land into a state of cultivation, and the manner of improving the farm has not, by any means, been perfected as yet. However, the farm is now made to produce an income sufficient to pay the maintenance expenses of the settling tanks, sewer farm and outfall sewers five miles long. It has been the policy of the administration to do only a small amount of work each year, but under that policy expense of improvement work is paid back in another two years, the sewer farm will pay for the total sewer maintenance charges.
The past season, over 200 acres of land were planted with alfalfa, which, when two years old will bring in a clear rental of from $12 to $15 per acre.
That sewer farms can be made profitable is not fully realized in this state, is shown by the fact that a number of cities have made arrangements with large landowners whereby the landowners agree to take
Any soil that is suitable for agricultural purposes will be found suitable for sewage farming or irrigation.
All soils suitable for farming are made up of varying proportions of sand, humus, slit and clay. No one of these ingredients alone make up a suitable soil, nor is it possible to find any one of these ingredients which is not mixed to a greater or less extent with the others. Loams, the most valuable of farming soils, are a mixture of the four ingredients. This mixture of different materials is beneficial not only in improving the texture of the soil, but also in providing suitable plant food, without which a soil would be barren. All of the soils from which the crops are raised contain at least 7 elements required for plant food; these are nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, iron, magnesium and sulphur; without these no plants will grow. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and calcium are much needed by plants, and so the soil is liable to become exhausted if not fertilized. The iron, magnesium and sulphur are usually so abundant as to be practically inexhaustible. The fact that effluents from septic and sedimentation tanks are high in nitrogen make such effluents very desirable for irrigation purposes.
The relative amounts of sand, of clay and humus in a soil influence its texture, and serve as a broad classification for agricultural soils into sandy soils, clayey soils and humus soils. Besides these there are the loams, which are known as sandy loams and clayey loams.
Soils which contain 80 per cent of sand and less than 10 per cent of clay are known as sandy soils. They usually are leachy—especially if the sand grains are large—and are poor in plant food. Fine grained sandy soils, as a rule, are better than the coarse sandy soils.
I have particularly observed that sewage effluent has a particularly beneficial effect upon soils subject to action by alkali salts. Its acid fertilizing qualities have tendency to counteract the effects of the alkali salts, thus enabling otherwise valueless soil to produce very heavy crops of vegetables or forage.
Methods and details of the design and construction of underdrains and surface or subsurface distribution systems depend upon various factors and circumstances, as for instance, the quality of soils, depth of water table, and the nature of crops to be stored in their normal condition.
Any soil that is suitable for agricultural purposes will be found suitable for sewage farming or irrigation.
All soils suitable for farming are made up of varying proportions of sand, humus, slit and clay. No one of these ingredients alone make up a suitable soil, nor is it possible to find any one of these ingredients which is not mixed to a greater or less extent with the others. Loams, the most valuable of farming soils, are a mixture of the four ingredients. This mixture of different materials is beneficial not only in improving the texture of the soil, but also in providing suitable plant food, without which a soil would be barren. All of the soils from which the crops are raised contain at least 7 elements required for plant food; these are nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, iron, magnesium and sulphur; without these no plants will grow. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and calcium are much needed by plants, and so the soil is liable to become exhausted if not fertilized. The iron, magnesium and sulphur are usually so abundant as to be practically inexhaustible. The fact that effluents from septic and sedimentation tanks are high in nitrogen make such effluents very desirable for irrigation purposes.
The relative amounts of sand, of clay and humus in a soil influence its texture, and serve as a broad classification for agricultural soils into sandy soils, clayey soils and humus soils. Besides these there are the loams, which are known as sandy loams and clayey loams.
I have particularly observed that sewage effluent has a particularly beneficial effect upon soils subject to action by alkali salts. Its acid fertilizing qualities have tendency to counteract the effects of the alkali salts, thus enabling otherwise valueless soil to produce very heavy crops of vegetables or forage.
Methods and details of the design and construction of underdrains and surface or subsurface distribution systems depend upon various factors and circumstances, as for instance, the quality of soils, depth of water table, and the nature of crops to be stored in their normal condition.
Any soil that is suitable for agricultural purposes will be found suitable for sewage farming or irrigation.
All soils suitable for farming are made up of varying proportions of sand, humus, slit and clay. No one of these ingredients alone make up a suitable soil, nor is it possible to find any one of these ingredients which is not mixed to a greater or less extent with the others. Loams, the most valuable of farming soils, are a mixture of the four ingredients. This mixture of different materials is beneficial not only in improving the texture of the soil, but also in providing suitable plant food, without which a soil would be barren. All of the soils from which the crops are raised contain at least 7 elements required for plant food; these are nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, iron, magnesium and sulphur; without these no plants will grow. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and calcium are much needed by plants, and so the soil is liable to become exhausted if not fertilized. The iron, magnesium and sulphur are usually so abundant as to be practically inexhaustible. The fact that effluents from septic and sedimentation tanks are high in nitrogen make such effluents very desirable for irrigation purposes.
The relative amounts of sand, of clay and humus in a soil influence its texture, and serve as a broad classification for agricultural soils into sandy soils, clayey soils and humus soils. Besides these there are the loams, which are known as sandy loams and clayey loams.
I have particularly observed that sewage effluent has a particularly beneficial effect upon soils subject to action by alkali salts. Its acid fertilizing qualities have tendency to counteract the effects of the alkali salts, thus enabling otherwise valueless soil to produce very heavy crops of vegetables or forage.
Methods and details of the design and construction of underdrains and surface or subsurface distribution systems depend upon various factors and circumstances, as for instance, the quality of soils,depth of water table,and the nature of crops to be stored in their normal condition.
Any soil that is suitable for agricultural purposes will be found suitable for sewage farming or irrigation.
All soils suitable for farming are made up of varying proportions of sand,humus,slit和clay.No one of these ingredients alone make up a suitable soil,nor is it possible to find any one of these ingredients which is not mixed to a greater or less extent with the others.Loams,the most valuableof farmingsoils,anda mixtureofthefouringredients.isbeneficialnotonlyinimprovingthetextureofthesoilbutalsoinprovidingsuitableplantfoodwithoutwhichasouliwouldbebarren.Allofthesoilfromwhichthecropsareraisedcontainatleast7elementsrequiredforplantfood;thesearenitrogen,potassium.phosphorouscalciumironmagnesiumandsulphurwithoutthesenoplantswillgrow.Nitrogenpotassiumphosphorusandcalciumaremuchneededbyplants,andsothesoilisliabletobecome exhaustedofthemifnotfertilized.Theirion,magnesiumandsulphurareusuallysobundantastobepracticallyinexhaustible.Thefactthateffluentsfromsepticandsedimentationtanksarehighinnitrogenmakesucheffluentsverydesirableforirrigationpurposes.
The relative amounts of sand,of clayand humusinassoilinfluenceitstexture,andserveasabroadclassificationforagriculturalsoilsintosandysoils.clayeysoilsandhumussoils.Besidesthesetherearetheloamswhichareknownas SandyloamsandClayeyloams.
Ihaveparticularlyobservedthatsewageeffluenthasaparticularlybeneficialeffectuponsoilsubjecttoactionbyalkalisalts.Itsacidfertilizingqualitieshatenewcyanulaseventbyparticipatingwomenalitiesinurban.TheinvestigationstateofRhodeNeapolis,ruralOesota.Unthoughtwereincludedinunder45yearsoftomarriedfromteacherofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetherersofnativepardenotetterersofnativepardenotetterersofnativepardenotetterersofnativepardenotetterersofnativepardenotetterersofnativepardenotetterersofnativepardenотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерtersотеттерbersОтветитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне ответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТыне отответитьТуре отответитьТуре отответитьТуре отответить Туре отответить Туре отответить Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Туре от해сть Турезота Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte Отhewerte ОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewerteОтhewереОтhewереОтhewереОтhewереОтhewереОтhewереОтhewереОтhewереОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhereОт overwhere庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庁庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庽庀牗牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牝牥牝牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牥牴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碴碡碡碡碡碡碡碡碡碡碡碡磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磋磌磋磕磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌磌礈礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礖礞礖礖礖礂礖礖礖礖礖礖礞礖礞礖礞礖礞礖礞礖礞礖礞礂礞礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂礂維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維維継継継継継継継継継継継継継継継継継継継継维絵絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絲絶絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絷絇絷絇絲絲絲絲絲絗絲絗絗絗絗絗紮紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紗紟紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣紣
Reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF). These Technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF.)These Technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF.)These Technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF.)These Technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF.)These Technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems (ADIS) or biological filters (BDF.)These Technologies help reduce waste from wastewater treatment plants by implementing advanced technologies like aerobic disinfection systems(ADIS)or生物过滤系统(BDS)or生物过滤系统(BDS)or生物过滤系统(BDS)or生物过滤系统(
er farm will pay for the total sewer maintenance charges.
The past season, over 200 acres of land were planted with alfalfa, which, when two years old will bring in a clear rental of from $12 to $15 per acre.
That sewer farms can be made profitable is not fully realized in this state, is shown by the fact that a number of cities have made arrangements with large landowners whereby the landowners agree to take care of all sewage, sometimes in its raw state and sometimes as effluent from screening or sedimentation tanks for no other cost to them than the cost of constructing a pipe line or ditch from the city to their lands.
It is to be hoped that cities will not bind themselves in the future in such manner that they cannot utilize their own sewage when the proper facilities have been acquired.
In some European cities they seem to have a fuller understanding of sewage economy, as they make the farms pay many, if not all, of the maintenance expenses connected with their sewer systems.
In sewage irrigation, the crude sewage, after having been passed on through a screen chamber and detritus tank to remove the coarser solids, or the effluent from septic or sedimentation tanks, is applied to the surface of ordinary agricultural land, to provide moisture for the growing vegetation, and at the same time to enrich the soil with the plant food which is carried both in suspension and solution by the sewage. When sewage irrigation is resorted to, purification of sewage is usually secondary to irrigation, consequently larger areas of land are required than when purification of the sewage is the chief consideration. The large area of land required for sewage ir-
action by alkali salts. Its acid fertilizing qualities have tendency to counteract the effects of the alkali salts, thus enabling otherwise valueless soil to produce very heavy crops of vegetables or forage.
Methods and details of the design and construction of underdrains and surface or subsurface distribution systems depend upon various factors and circumstances, as for instance, the quality of soils, depth of water table, and the nature of crops to be grown; such details can easily be worked out by the engineer in charge of the work.
The quantity of sewage required for irrigation depends upon the kind of crops grown and the rate of evaporation from the surface of the soil. As the raising of crops is the first consideration in irrigation, no more sewage should be applied than is actually required; if the limit of this requirement is exceeded the crops will be destroyed. In arid regions where evaporation is rapid, more sewage would be required than would be advisable for similar crops in a more favorable place. The application of sewage must be intermittent to allow the interstices of the soil to drain and aerate. An application on an average of from 5000 to 15,000 gallons per acre per day is about all most crops will stand; allowing 100 gallons of water per capita as daily average consumption, one acre of land at the foregoing rate would be required for from 50 to 100 persons.
It may safely be stated, as a rule, that any kind of vegetation indigenous to the locality can successfully be raised on a sewage irrigated farm. Among the crops successfully raised on sewage farms now in operation may be mentioned root plants, like carrots, parsnips, potatoes and turnips, legumes, like beans and peas;
ANAHEIM GAZETTE
REFORESTING BURNED AREA
Government Making Plans to Plant Trees in Mountains
The wasted slopes of the San Bernardino mountain range will be reforested. Hundreds of tons of seed will be planted by the forestry department and millions of small trees now in the government nursery at Lytle Creek, will be planted. In the years to come the mountain sides are to flourish again with the dense foliage and instead of the native pine alone, mountain trees from every portion of the globe will form the watershed. Trees in the Lytle Creek nursery have been grown from seeds gathered by experts from many parts of the world. Many are of nut-bearing varieties, and these will add to the lure of the hills.
The forestry department is planning on beginning the work of replanting the forests during the early part of the spring.
Believing that the famous Arrowhead landmark on the mountainside overlooking the entire San Bernardino Valley will suffer from the rush of storm water over its face this winter, the native sons and pioneers are preparing to ask the city and county to join in the move to build a protection wall. The Arrowhead is swept from one end to the other by the flames during the recent fire. The brush which forms the landmark will grow out in a few years, but until then there is danger that the cereals, like oats, barley, wheat and corn; vegetables, like pumpkins, tomatoes and cabbage; soft shell English walnuts and forage like alfalfa and Italian rye grass. The raising of alfalfa and walnuts has given particularly good returns for the money invested.
ROADS GOING TO PIECES
Los Angeles Has Expensive Time With Its Boulevards
Although the $3,500,000 system of automobile boulevards for Los Angeles county is not yet half completed, the roads are beginning to wear out.
The highways which were to have rivaled Applan Way, says a Los Angeles newspaper, which were to have been pavements for our children's children, and would have cost an average of $10,000 a mile, haven't lasted as long as it required to work up sentiment in favor of the bonds that were voted.
Almost as many reasons and excuses are given as there are patches in the new pavements.
But whatever the particular disease, something like a million dollars worth of the new boulevards are going to pieces.
The chief engineer now in charge estimates that ninety miles of the new boulevards are deficient. At an average cost of $10,000 a mile, this means that $900,000 worth of the $3,500,000 bond money has been expended to poor advantage.
Some of the deficient roads, notably the El Monte road, are already in the process of reconstruction. Others will require reconstruction in the near future.
Up to the first of this month, 130.07 miles of roads of the 298 miles provided for by the $3,500,000 bond issue had been completed, and of these 102.63 miles had been accepted while Chief Engineer Joyner has delayed accepting the other mileage until the contractors fully comply with the requirements of the specifications.
Of the 130.07 miles of roads completed less than 40 miles are classified as being of good construction by
For First-Class Fumigating
You should have a man who knows how. I have had the experience and can deliver the goods.
H.J. Westermann
North Olive Street,
ANAHEIM CALIFORNIA
The Best Cuts of MEAT
Can be had here any time. We don't reserve them for a favored few and compel the others to take what is left. First come is first served in this market. We believe in giving everybody a square deal. Also in selling the very best meat we can get hold of at the prices possible.
Try us with an order.
CITY MARKET
F.W.FLEISCHMANN, Prop.
Odd Fellow's Bldg., Center street
Phone: Pacific 201
Commercial Hotel
FIRST-CLASS DINING ROOM AND BAR
Handsomely Furnished Rooms
Everything neat and clean
A home for the Traveling Public
A trial will convince.
JOHN ZIEGLER, Manager
SIZE OF FAMILIES
How They Compare in This and Other Countries
Much has been written during the last few years concerning race suicide in this country, writes Prof. W. B. Bailey in the Independent, and the observation has been quite general that the size of family among the Americans of native stock was smaller than among the foreigners of the first or second generation in this country. Information upon this subject was gathered for the federal census of 1900, but no use was ever made of this material until, in 1910, the immigration commission was given access to the census schedules. The recent abstract of the immigration commission upon the fecundity of immigrant women gives us therefore the first information covering a large number of cases which has ever been published. It was impossible for the commission to cover the whole of the United States, but certain districts were selected in order to compare the fecundity of the married women of different nationalities in urban and rural districts.
The investigation covered the entire state of Rhode Island, Cleveland, Minneapolis, rural Ohio and rural Minnesota. Only those married women were included in the study who were under 45 years of age and had been married from ten to nineteen years. The result showed that for the total area tabulated there were 2.7 children born to the native white mothers of native parentage and 4.4 children to the white mothers of foreign parentage.
In Minneapolis the number of children born to native mothers was 2.4 and in rural Minnesota 3.4. The number of children to mothers of specified foreign parentage was as follows: English 3.4, English-Canadian 3.5, Scotch 3.6, German 4.3, the French 4.3, Irish 4.4, Norwegian 4.7, Italian 4.9, Bohemian 5. Russian 5.4.
Up to the first of this month, 130.07 miles of roads of the 298 miles provided for by the $3,500,000 bond issue had been completed, and of these 102.63 miles had been accepted while Chief Engineer Joyner has delayed accepting the other mileage until the contractors fully comply with the requirements of the specifications.
Of the 130.07 miles of roads completed less than 40 miles are classified as being of good construction by the chief engineer. The remaining 90 odd miles are, in his opinion, very poor or only fair.
Thousands of dollars will have to be expended to repair the roads that in the opinion of Chief Engineer Joyner, were not constructed properly in the first place. Several gangs of the men are now at work on the El Monte road, putting in new shoulders.
Joyner says this repair work is necessary because dirt instead of stone shoulders was put in when the road was laid in the beginning. Arthur E. Loder, former chief engineer, claims and Joyner admits, that under the provisions for the construction of the roads it would have been unlawful to put in stone shoulders, as stone only was to be used in the construction of the sixteen-foot roadway proper.
The reason it is now possible to lay the stone shoulders is that the work is being conducted under the newly organized maintenance department which is entirely separated from the constriction department.The funds for maintenance work are provided directly from the county treasury and not from the proceeds from the bonds, which proceeds under the law are devoted solely to the construction of new roads.
Loder admits that there are some defects in the roads, but says that in proportion to the magnitude of the entire undertaking they are trivial. He says he has no excuses to offer. His explanation is that the method of construction was a new one, with which everybody in charge, including himself and the contractors, was but slightly acquainted, and that it was necessary to do considerable experimenting on the roads that were first built. The El Monte road was among these. He says that the equipment and materials that were available when the project was launched were inadequate and unsuitable, and the highway commission faced the dilemma, either to postpone the work or go ahead with the materials and equipment then obtainable.
Loder also attributed the present condition of the roads to the near future.
AN AVERAGE
A western representative in congress was talking one day of his record while in that body. "I'm not ashamed of it," said he. "I think I've done very well, on the whole. When I reflect upon it, I am reminded of an epitaph that I saw once in an old burying ground in a country town of my state.
"This epitaph devoted a verse of four lines to the virtues of the good man who lay beneath the stone, and concluded with this line in prose:
"He averaged well for this vicinity."
UP-TO-DATE
Uncle Mose, a plantation negro, was being asked about his religious affiliations.
"I's a preacher, sah," he said.
"Do you mean," asked the astonished questioner, "that you preach the gospel?"
Mose felt himself getting into very deep water.
"No, sah," he said. "Ah touches that subject very light."
First-Class
migrating
have a man who knows
have had the experience
an deliver the goods.
Westerman
North Olive Street,
CALIFORNIA
Best Cuts of
HEAT
here any time. We don't
for a favored few and
others to take what is
come is first served in
We believe in giving
square deal. Also in
very best meat we can
at the prices possible.
with an order.
ITY MARKET
EISCHMANN, Prop.
w's Bldg., Center street
lc 201
Comcial Hotel
ASS DINING ROOM
AND BAR
only Furnished Rooms
ing neat and clean
the Traveling Public
will convince.
EGLER, Manager
Lawn Mowers,
Rubber Hose, and Garden Tools
AT
DICKEL'S
SEE THE
Clarinda Lawn Mower
The Best on Earth. Satisfaction Absolutely Guaranteed.
Commencing Apr. 1, 1911
The price of "Anaheim Bottled Beer" will be as follows:
ONE DOZ. LARGE $1.40
ONE DOZ. SMALL $1.00
BOTTLES RETURNED
One Dozen Large 40 Cents
One Dozen Small 30 Cents
The price of "Anaheim Bottled Beer" will be as follows:
ONE DOZ. LARGE $1.40
ONE DOZ. SMALL $1.00
BOTTLES RETURNED
One Dozen Large 40 Cents
One Dozen Small 30 Cents
Union Brewing Co,
ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA
PALACE MARKET
WM. H. F. SCHUMACHER, Prop.
DEALERS IN
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Read Each Issue of the Anaheim Gazette.
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P. T. BARNUM
The Great Showman, said a man could begin a successful business on a capital of
P. T. BARNUM
The Great Showman, said a man could begin a successful business on a capital of $10 if he invested half his capital in goods and the other half advertising them. Barnum's judgment was good and his example worth emulating. He made several fortunes through the use of Printer's Ink. Take the advice of this great advertiser.
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JOSEPH BACKS,
Undertaker and Embalmer
Furniture, Bedding. Repairing done
Phones Pacific M93, Home 1062.
F. BACKS Undertaker
Dealer in
Furniture, Wall Paper
Cornices, Window Shades, Picture Frames
Upholstery Goods, Paints, Oils, and Glas
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F. C. SPENCER
ATTORNEY-AT-LAW
Notary Public
Odd Fellows' Block, Center Street
Anaheim, Cal.