anaheim-gazette 1908-11-19

ON THE GRAPE-LEAF HOPPER MOST DESTRUCTIVE INSECT OF THE VINE Prof. Quayle of the Agricultural Experiment Station Writes Bulletin Concerning Him—In Some Sections Levies Heavy Tax on Vineyardists The grape leaf-hopper was first named and described by Thomas Say in the year 1825. Specimens were taken that year from Missouri, and three or four years later it was reported as an important pest of the vine in Massachusetts. Harris in 1841 wrote the first complete account of the insect and fully appreciated the injury caused by it, and ever since that time it has occupied a very important place in the literature of the grape insects in this country. Harris' account of the insect remained the standard for a long while, and no very thorough work was done on the life history of the insect until it was undertaken by Slingerland in 1901. In California it has been reported as a pest of the vine since 1875. Notices regarding this insect have appeared frequently in the press of the state, as well as other publications. With the exception of the phylloxera, the vine hopper is undoubtedly the most destructive insect pest of the vine in the state. It is more uniformly present than any other insect attacking the vine, and each year in some parts of the state it occurs in very great numbers, and in such sections, it levies a heavy tax upon the vineyard interests. To give expression to this loss in money value, for example, in one vineyard of about a thousand acres near Ohio, as well as other less grape sections in this county, Europe this species is regarded two other related species: cyba flavescens and Typhlola cola. The former seems to more injurious of the two throughout all of temperate and northern Africa, while the latter is confined mostly to the neighboring islands. In California our species in practically all of the vine sections, but is most injurious Sacramento and San Joaquin. In the coast valleys another species (Tettegonia atropurpurea) frequently injurious, most during the earlier part of the This species appears not to clusively on the vine, and during summer and later is distribut other food plants. During grape leaf-hopper was abundant in many of the about Fresno, and also in part of the San Joaquin valley Lodi. During the colder weather the hoppers may be found numbers in the leaves or in the vineyard, or along the roadsides and fences. When have been blown together in or lodged in weeds or grass vineyard or its borders, hop be especially likely to be during the colder or wet season. They be found harboring low doe the fences or in the weeds growth among the vines. One of the commonest plants California vineyards in winter a close rosette on the growhoppers will be found abund der the low spreading foliage plant. The grape leaf-hopper fe the most destructive insect pest of the vine in the state. It is more uniformly present than any other insect attacking the vine, and each year in some parts of the state it occurs in very great numbers, and in such sections, it levies a heavy tax upon the vineyard interests. To give expression to this loss in money value, for example, in one vineyard of about a thousand acres near Madera, the owner estimated that the damage done last year by hoppers would aggregate about $10,000. The grape leaf-hopper belongs to the class of injurious insects that obtain their food by sucking the juices from the plant. Scale insects and plant lice are other well known pests belonging to this same general group, which obtain their food in much the same way that the mosquito sucks our blood. The sharp pointed beak or proboscis of the hopper is thrust into the tissues of the grape leaf and the liquid parts extracted therefrom. The feeding is done mostly on the underside of the leaf, and those leaves around the base of the vine are the ones first attacked. The first indication of their work is a mottled appearance of the leaf due to the pale spots formed wherever the beak has been inserted and the green parts taken out. As the feeding continues these spots become more numerous, and this pale yellow color spreads over the entire surface; and finally the leaf turns brown and drops off. This injury has been observed as early as April or May, and thus the vine from the very beginning of the season is prevented from making its normal growth. As the hoppers increase in numbers the injury increases with the advancement of the season. In mid-summer quite a large area about the crown of the vine will show all the leaves pale colored or completely dried up, and in severe cases, the entire vine is thus affected. This drying up and dropping off of the leaves allows the sun to have free access to the fruit and may cause sunburn. We have seen the fruit thus exposed and badly sunburned as early as the middle of June. The falling off of the leaves prematurely during the colder or wet winter of the winter season. They be found harboring low doe fences or in the weeds growth among the vines. One of the commonest plants California vineyards in winter a close rosette on the growhoppers will be found abund der the low spreading foliage plant. The grape leaf-hopper feeds large variety of plants during ter season. It will be found chiefly during the warmer winter, and resting more dormant during the colder weather. It attacks practical thing that may be growing vineyard or vicinity, although ference is shown for certain Alfilaria is readily attacked insects, and where hoppers erous the foliage of this plant be seen to have a pale yellow as a result of their work. Spreading foliage seems to ouble conditions for the hopper they are not feeding, so they will be found on the under these plants almost continue gardless of the kind of weather clover is also readily attacked hoppers in winter, as well weed, dock, wild mustard, alf several kinds of grains and They show a preference, how such plants as the alfilaria clovers as against the grain grasses. The hoppers that were taken to the laboratory in the early invariably died in the course or three days if deprived Under the same condition were easily maintained upon or other food. They were in lantern globes which were in the open window of their tory, so that the conditions as temperature and moisture were very different from that of th yard. Hoppers were also in lantern globes in the viney in all cases they died very without food, though the mo mant they were the longer th able to survive. Many of the hoppers suc summer quite a large area about the crown of the vine will show all the leaves pale colored or completely dried up, and in severe cases, the entire vine is thus affected. This drying up and dropping off of the leaves allows the sun to have free access to the fruit and may cause sunburn. We have seen the fruit thus exposed and badly sunburned as early as the middle of June. The falling off of the leaves prematurely also prevents the berry from maturing properly since it is in the leaves of the plant that the sugar of the berry is manufactured. The grape thus loses much of its flavor and sweetness, and likewise the characteristic coloring, which is so desirable in certain table varieties, is not attained. The fruit, furthermore, is badly smutted by the exudations of the insects, and this serves as a harboring place for the collection of dust and dirt, and for the growth of fungi. The dropping of the leaves or any interference with their normal functions likewise has its effect on the growth of the wood of the vine. The canes fail to ripen normally for the next year's wood, and many of the buds fail to develop in the following spring. The vine may thus be more or less permanently stunted in its growth, and even killed in severe cases of grape leaf-hopper injury. The grape leaf-hopper is a widely distributed native American insect occurring in the United States practically wherever the vine is grown. It is frequently notably injurious in the grape belts of New York and in the open window of their factory, so that the conditions as temperature and moisture vary very different from that of the yard. Hoppers were also found in lantern globes in the vineyard in all cases they died very without food, though the most important they were the longer than able to survive. Many of the hoppers succeed to long continued wet weather or unusual conditions in winter about two weeks of almost continuous rain we have counted many as 700 dead hoppers with single bunch of alfilaria. The totality may be partly accounted because of unsuitable conditions obtaining food, though the direct effect of exposure to such conditions is probably the more important. The activity of the insects dependent primarily upon temperature, and the latter influences the former. No how much nutritious food may available, if the temperature sufficiently low they become dormant and are revived only upon the of temperature; but once they come active through the increase of a higher temperature, they food to maintain their activity. On the warm days of winter hoppers are very active and live in large numbers before a per he walks through the vineyard contrary, on a cold or wiley they may only be disturbed usually moving the object upon well as other less important sections in this country. In this species is replaced by other related species. Typhlorescens and Typhlocyba viticina former seems to be the curious of the two and occurs but all of temperate Europe Northern Africa, while the latitudinal mostly to Italy and laboring islands. California our species is found locally all of the vine growing but is most injurious in the auto and San Joaquin valleys. Coast valleys another larger (Tettegonia atropunctata) is very injurious, most commonly the earlier part of the season. Cyclices appears not to feed ex- on the vine, and during mid- and later is distributed over and plants. During 1907 the leaf-hopper was particularly in many of the vineyards Cesno, and also in the lower San Joaquin valley around the colder weather of winter mers may be found in large leaves or rubbish in yard, or along the bordering and fences. Where leaves blown together in bunches in weeds or grass over the its borders, hoppers will usually likely to be present the colder or wet rainy days winter season. They will also harboring low down along or in the weeds or other among the vines. Alfilaria, the commonest plants in many vineyards in winter, forms rosette on the ground, and will be found abundantly un- new spreading foliage of this rape leaf-hopper feeds on a they are resting, and then they will fly but a very short distance—not more than a foot or two generally. It is possible during such days to pick up the leaves, with a dozen or more hoppers resting on the under surface, and then place them in a cyanide bottle without disturbing them. They are most active during the warmer portions of the day—from nine or ten o'clock in the morning, when the dew is dried from the leaves, until three or four in the afternoon. Experiments carried on in the laboratory to determine the effect of temperature on overwintering adults indicated that a temperature of 110 deg. F. was nearly always fatal. The experiments consisted in confining the hoppers in a double glass vial and heating gradually with artificial heat. A small homo vial was contained within a larger one, and a thermometer extended through the corks of both vials so that the bulb was contained in the center of the inner vial with the hoppers. Cotton was placed in the bottom of this vial to prevent them from coming in contact with the glass when they would fall down. The whole apparatus prevented so far as possible the unequal heating of the sides of the vial as compared with the air in the interior. In some of the experiments, the temperature was first reduced by ice and salt to 30 deg. F. or lower, and suddenly raised again to a point at which all the insects were killed. When plowing is begun in the vineyard in the spring, before the foliage appears on the vine, the food supply—consisting of whatever vegetation may be growing—is turned under and most of the hoppers are obliged to look elsewhere for food. Some of the insects remain leaf-hopper feeds on a variety of plants during the winter season. They will also harboring low down along vines or in the weeds or other among the vines. Alfilaria, the commonest plants in many vineyards in winter, forms rosette on the ground, and will be found abundantly uncovering foliage of this grape leaf-hopper feeds on a variety of plants during the winery season. It will be found feeding during the warmer days of and resting more or less during the colder or rainy climate attacks practically every day may be growing in the lower vicinity, although a pre-shown for certain plants. It is readily attacked by these and where hoppers are numbed foliage of this plant will have a pale yellow color out of their work. The low foliage seems to offer suitations for the hoppers when not feeding, so that they found on the underside of vines almost continuously, re-attack the kind of weather. Burr also readily attacked by the winter, as well as ragweed, wild mustard, alfalfa, and kinds of grains and grasses. In a preference, however, for as as the alfilaria and the vine against the grains and hoppers that were taken into history in the early spring handled in the course of two days if deprived of food. The same conditions they maintained upon alfilaria food. They were confined globes which were placed on window of the labora-tet the conditions as regards size and moisture were not sent from that of the vine-hoppers were also confined globes in the vineyard, but as they died very soon, though the more dor-were the longer they were alive. The hoppers succumbed to plowing begun in the vineyard in the spring, before the foliage appears on the vine, the food supply—consisting of whatever vegetation may be growing—is turned under and most of the hoppers are obliged to look elsewhere for food. Some of the insects remain in the vineyard and subsist upon what little growth may be left by the plow. The larger number, however, must look elsewhere for food, and this is generally found in the immediate vicinity, usually around the borders of the vineyard. We have seen all the vegetation growing along the roadsides of badly infested vineyards completely deprived of the green coloring matter. After the vineyard was plowed the hoppers continued to feed here, largely, until the vines came into leaf, when they migrated back into the vineyards. These are the only distinct movements we have observed with the overwintering hoppers in the spring.—By H. J. Quayle, of the College of Agriculture. THE AMERICAN LEMON Method of Marketing the California Variety The California lemon is marketed largely through co-operative fruit growers' associations or by the individual growers and corporations that produce the fruit. It is practically impossible for the owner of a small grove to market his own fruit. From 75 to 80 per cent of the fruit is handled by cooperative associations or by extensive individual growers or corporations. The remainder of the crop is sold for the growers by packers and shippers, either f. o. b. in California or in a distant market, or it may be purchased by a dealer either by the pound or by the box. It is bought occasionally in lump on the trees, the purchase to cover all fruit picked within a stated period of time. The fruit is sold in the eastern markets through agents of the association. Favorable terms which are self-exploit which often do not repeat that is different from the fancy or choice grades. Lemons are sized by high treme range of sizes in varying from 180 to 540 There are few lemons short than the 240 per box size than the 490 per box size desirable sizes are those 300 and 360 to the box. Under normal condition kets of the south, including City, St. Louis and Cincinnati lemons which run 300 to three boxes of smaller size car. The markets north territory prefer the 300 size, boxes of the larger sizes but do not like the smel When lemons are scarce are of less importance. lemon is sold to a dealer quantity at a fixed price;the sizes which run below box or above 360 are usually counted from 25 cents to according to the sizes andditions of the market. In the associations in whither of growers join to market their fruit co-opers lemons are handled in a packing house, usually local side the railroad. These houses are generally owned In the hoppers succumbed continued wet weather or other conditions in winter. After two weeks of almost constant we have counted as 100 dead hoppers under a branch of alfilaria. This morbidity be partly accounted for unsuitable conditions for food, though the direct exposure to such conditions is the more important factor of the insects is deminarily upon food and, and the latter largely the former. No matter nutritious food may be on the temperature is sufficiently they become dormant arrived only upon the rise cure; but once they become through the influence temperature, they require contain their activity. Warm days of winter the very active and fly up numbers before a person as through the vineyard. On, on a cold or wet day only be disturbed by acting the object upon which crop is sold for the growers by packers and shippers, either f. o. b. in California or in a distant market, or it may be purchased by a dealer either by the pound or by the box. It is bought occasionally in lump on the trees, the purchase to cover all fruit picked within a stated period of time. The fruit is sold in the eastern markets through agents of the associations or fruit dealers, by commission merchants, or at public auction. The fruit is shipped under brands that are established by the shippers and which represent the different grades of lemons. The fruit is usually sorted into two or three, and sometimes into four, grades. The grading of the lemon is based on the general texture of the skin, on the appearance as influenced by scars, on the color, and on the form and general style of the fruit. The grade has no reference to the size of the fruit. The highest grades are those in which the fruit has good color, fine texture, normal form, freedom from blemishes, and is heavy and juicy. This grade is commonly called "fancy." The next lower grade, which departs slightly from the characteristics of a fancy lemon, is called choice. A still lower grade is called standard, representing fruit that may be quite badly scarred or discolored, coarse in texture, or irregular form, but merchantable. Frosted lemons are frequently shipped under this grade. A fourth grade, called culls, is sometimes sold in near-by markets. Occasionally a shipper makes an ex- Nasal Catarrh quickly yieldment by the agreeable, aromatic Cream Balm. It is received to nostrils and cleanses and health surface over which it diffuses its gists sell the 50c. size. Test are sure to continue the treatment lieved. Announcement To accommodate those who do to the use of atomizers in apply into the nasal passages for catables, the proprietors prepare Cream liquid form, which will be known Liquid Cream Balm. Price in spraying tube is 75 cents. Drug mail. The liquid form embodied ininal properties of the solid pre- Boston Bakery FRESH BREAD, PIES AND CAKES. Cream and Confectionery Distler, Proprietor Lumber ... Doors, Shingles, Lines, Lath, Cement, Time Ganahl Lumber Co Chas, F. Grim, Mgr. East Center St. Anaheim The Best Cuts of MEAT We had here any time. We don't use them for a favored few and all the others to take what is first come is first served in market. We believe in giving body a square deal. Also in the very best meat we can hold of at the prices possible. CITY MARKET Gelderman, Prop. Fellow's Bldg., Center street Set Phone 201 ONEY can be borrowed on more favorable terms from theINGS, LOAN and BUILDINGASSOCIATION OF ANAHEIMthan from any similarinstitution in the StateHome Institution....ducted by home men If you want to borrow moneyat a low rate to pay off your present mortgage, or to buildhome or to improve yourpresent one, address or call onFred A. Backs, JrSecretary Anaheim Office Phone Main 1131 DR. JNO. H. BOEGE Dentist Office, Mullinix Building Hours: 8:30 to 11:30 a.m. 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. EveningsBy Appointment DR. W. W. ADAMS OSTEOPATHIC PHYSICIAN Graduate of American School of Osteopathy ofKirksville, Mo. Office and Residence: 116 Philadelphia St. Office Hours: 10 to 12; 1 to 4. Phone No. Main 77 W. H. SYER, M. D. Physician and Surgeon Office and residence in Hart Building, nextto City Hall (formerly Dr. Bickford's). Officehours, 10 to 12 a.m., 2 to 4 p.m., 7 to 8 p.m. Telephone No. Main 74ANAHEIMCAL J. L. BEEBE, M. D. PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON. Office and res. cor.: Center and Palm Sts. Office hours: 2 to 4, 7 to 8 p.m. Both Phones.ANAHEIM, CAL W. Harold Wickett, M.D. Res. Phones, Main 8X8, Home 863.Herbert A. Johnston, M.D.Res. Phones, Main 82, Home 862. Drs. Johnston & Wickett Office Hours, 11-12, 2-4, 7-8. Office Phones, Main 81, Home 861.Offices, 810 8. Los Angeles Street. VICTOR MONTGOMERY ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Attention given to Probate BusinessCommercial Bank Building.Santa AnaCalTel. Black 791au28-6m F. C. SPENCER ATTORNEY-AT-LAWNotary PublicOdd Fellows' Block,-Center StreeAnaheim, Cal. RICHARD MELROSE MENT PIPE Building Stone, Fence Posts A. HUNTER FULLERTON for all information. Prices right and all work guaranteed. icy or an extra choice grade, which are self-explanatory, but often do not represent fruit different from the ordinary or choice grades. Lemons are sized by hand, the ex- range of sizes in each grade from 180 to 540 to the box. There few lemons shipped larger than 240 per box size or smaller than 490 per box size. The most these sizes are those which run 360 to the box. For normal conditions the markets south, including Kansas Louis and Cincinnati prefer which run 300 to the box with boxes of smaller sizes in each the markets north of this terferer the 300 size, with a few of the larger sizes in each car, not like the smaller sizes. Lemons are scarce the sizes less importance. When the sold to a dealer in carload at a fixed price per box, its which run below 300 per above 360 are usually disfrom 25 cents to $1 a box. ing to the sizes and the conof the market. associations in which a numgrowers join together and their fruit co-operatively, the are handled in a central house, usually located along railroad. These packing are generally owned by the as- ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Attention given to Probate Business Commercial Bank Building. Santa Ana - Cal Tel. Black 791 au28-6m F. C. SPENCER ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Notary Public Odd Fellows' Block, Center Stree Anaheim, Cal. RICHARD MELROSE ATTORNEY-AT-LAW and NOTARY PUBLIC Office Center St Special attention given to Probate Matters ANAHEIM. F. BACKS Undertaker Dealer in Furniture, Wall Paper Cornices, Window Shades, Picture Frames Upholstery Goods, Paints, Oils, and Glass Sewing Machine Supplies Corner Los Angeles and Chartres Sts The PALACE STABLES Is the best Stable. Come and see us. J. HAHN, Prop. C. AMBERG FIRST CLASS BARBER SHOP 120 E. Center St. Anaheim First Door East of Fischle's Candy Store Joseph Backs Undertaker Embalmer Furniture Bedding Repairing Done Phones—Sunset M. 93. Home 1062. O. LAGMAN Architect and Builder 405 East Center Street Anaheim, Cal. O. LAGMAN Architect and Builder 405 East Center Street Anaheim, Cal. L. B. PRUITT CONTRACTOR AND BUILDER Plans and estimates furnished. Entire satisfaction guaranteed. Residence, cor. Melrose and Broadway, Anaheim. Phone, Main 861. Finest of Wines. Liquors and Cigars. at Roman Wisser's Favorite - Saloon Schlitz Beer on Draught Center Street Anaheim, Cal. Anaheim Bakery Peter Syre. Prop. Fresh Bread Cakes and Pies Confectionery. Etc. Wedding Cakes a Specialty Los Angeles and Cypress Sts.