anaheim-gazette 1908-09-03

THIS ANT HAS NO UNCLE PROFESSOR WOODWORTH TELLS HOW TO BE RID OF HIM. Whole State Interested in New Argentine Visitor, Who Comes An Unbidden Guest—Simple Remedies. Continuing his investigations into the nature of the Argentine ant, as expatiated upon in these columns last week, Professor Woodworth of the Agricultural Experiment Station, at Berkeley, gives valuable information as to means for eradication of the unwelcome visitor. Remedies For Ants. There are a great many remedies suggested and in use for the control of ants. These may be classed in three categories: first, destruction of colonies; second, the interposing of barriers; and third, ant proof construction. With many species of ants the destruction of a colony is not a difficult matter, the nest being a very definite structure, with only a few openings, and housing all of a single family. The best remedy to be used in such a case is carbon bisulfid and a small amount of this, say a teaspoonful, placed in an ordinary ant's nest, especially when the ground is not too dry, will result usually in the death of the whole colony. The opening at the surface of the ground should be covered tightly and if the carbon bisulfid is effective, no further signs of the colony will be observed beyond a few wandering individuals that were foraging at the time the carbon was applied. These are relatively short-lived and soon disappear. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case of the Argentine ant, wise policy at the present while the species has such a distribution, to entirely eradicate If this is undertaken how should be with the approach the fact that the work involves very great, even for a small because in eradication work last individual queen insect importance. The simple reduc numbers will not justify that would be put forward. The first work that should toward eradication is to find technical means of limiting them from the existing colonies. A water barrier reinforced may prove most feasible, but experimental work should be led for to determine the wise procedure. The next step would be to attempt to destroy all the in one of these areas. Carbon fid is the most promising method, but here again expert work might result in the day of more efficient means. When two steps are successfully taken remainder of the work is to continuance of the campaign these lines. How This Work May Be Done There is no legal authority state whose duties would include eradication of a household less it be in those counties county entomologists, whose are whatever the supervisors or these offices direct. As a pest, however, it falls in the of the state commissioner of nature and of the county board laws, however, creating these—while granting abundant ant and originally designed to meet such emergencies—nevertheless to provide the necessary measures for investigation which The opening at the surface of the ground should be covered tightly and if the carbon bisulfid is effective, no further signs of the colony will be observed beyond a few wandering individuals that were foraging at the time the carbon was applied. These are relatively short-lived and soon disappear. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case of the Argentine ant, but because of the relative great number of queens and the innumerable openings, the difficulty of destroying these ants in any region becomes very much greater than with the ordinary species. Still it is probable that colonies in the ground can be destroyed in this manner. Where colonies occur, however in the woodwork of houses or other buildings, or in the bark or rotten places in tree trunks, as is true of this species, the problem becomes very evidently still more difficult. Barriers. Barriers consist of substances either repellent or difficult of passage. Of the repellent substances, corrosive sublimate seems to have been about the most effective. It is not yet known exactly why such a substance should be repellent to ants, but it has proven so and is fairly effective against the Argentine species. It will not be found to be completely satisfactory however. Barriers across which ants find difficulty in passing are water vaseline and tanglefoot, either of which is completely effective as long as its surface remains clean; but dust particles or dead bodies of other ants will in each case finally form a bridge over which the insects can pass. They are however, sufficiently effective to be extremely useful as a control measure, and will be found very efficient for our common large species but least effective against the Argentine ant of all the ants occurring in this country. Ant Proof Construction. Of course this is the best solution of the problem. Where ants can not be eradicated all containers of food material should be made ant tight in every region where ants are troublesome. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case of the Argentine ant, but because of the relative great number of queens and the innumerable openings, the difficulty of destroying these ants in any region becomes very much greater than with the ordinary species. Still it is probable that colonies in the ground can be destroyed in this manner. Where colonies occur, however in the woodwork of houses or other buildings, or in the bark or rotten places in tree trunks, as is true of this species, the problem becomes very evidently still more difficult. Barriers. Barriers consist of substances either repellent or difficult of passage. Of the repellent substances, corrosive sublimate seems to have been about the most effective. It is not yet known exactly why such a substance should be repellent to ants, but it has proven so and is fairly effective against the Argentine species. It will not be found to be completely satisfactory however. Barriers across which ants find difficulty in passing are water vaseline and tanglefoot, either of which is completely effective as long as its surface remains clean; but dust particles or dead bodies of other ants will in each case finally form a bridge over which the insects can pass. They are however, sufficiently effective to be extremely useful as a control measure, and will be found very efficient for our common large species but least effective against the Argentine ant of all the ants occurring in this country. Ant Proof Construction. Of course this is the best solution of the problem. Where ants can not be eradicated all containers of food material should be made ant tight in every region where ants are troublesome. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case of the Argentine ant, but because of the relative great number of queens and the innumerable openings, the difficulty of destroying these ants in any region becomes very much greater than with the ordinary species. Still it is probable that colonies in the ground can be destroyed in this manner. Where colonies occur, however in the woodwork of houses or other buildings, or in the bark or rotten places in tree trunks, as is true of this species, the problem becomes very evidently still more difficult. Barriers. Barriers consist of substances either repellent or difficult of passage. Of the repellent substances, corrosive sublimate seems to have been about the most effective. It is not yet known exactly why such a substance should be repellent to ants, but it has proven so and is fairly effective against the Argentine species. It will not be found to be completely satisfactory however. Barriers across which ants find difficulty in passing are water vaseline and tanglefoot, either of which is completely effective as long as its surface remains clean; but dust particles or dead bodies of other ants will in each case finally form a bridge over which the insects can pass. They are however, sufficiently effective to be extremely useful as a control measure, and will be found very efficient for our common large species but least effective against the Argentine ant of all the ants occurring in this country. Ant Proof Construction. Of course this is the best solution of the problem. Where ants can not be eradicated all containers of food material should be made ant tight in every region where ants are troublesome. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case of the Argentine ant, but because of the relative great number of queens and the innumerable openings, the difficulty of destroying these ants in any region becomes very much greater than with the ordinary species. Still it is probable that colonies in the ground can be destroyed in this manner. Where colonies occur, however in the woodwork of houses or other buildings, or in the bark or rotten places in tree trunks, as is true of this species, the problem becomes very evidently still more difficult. Barriers. Barriers consist of substances either repellent or difficult of passage. Of the repellent substances, corrosive sublimate seems to have been about the most effective. It is not yet known exactly why such a substance should be repellent to ants, but it has proven so and is fairly effective against the Argentine species. It will not be found to be completely satisfactory however. Barriers across which ants find difficulty in passing are water vaseline and tanglefoot, either of which is completely effective as long as its surface remains clean; but dust particles or dead bodies of other ants will in each case finally form a bridge over which the insects can pass. They are however, sufficiently effective to be extremely useful as a control measure, and will be found very efficient for our common large species but least effective against the Argentine ant of all the ants occurring in this country. Ant Proof Construction. Of course this is the best solution of the problem. Where ants can not be eradicated all containers of food material should be made ant tight in every region where ants are troublesome. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case of the Argentine ant, but because of the relative great number of queens and the innumerable openings, the difficulty of destroying these ants in any region becomes very much greater than with the ordinary species. Still it is probable that colonies in the ground can be destroyed in this manner. Where colonies occur, however in the woodwork of houses or other buildings, or in the bark or rotten places in tree trunks, as is true of this species, the problem becomes very evidently still more difficult. Barriers. Barriers consist of substances either repellent or difficult of passage. Of the repellent substances, corrosive sublimate seems to have been about the most effective. It is not yet known exactly why such a substance should be repellent to ants, but it has proven so and is fairly effective against the Argentine species. It will not be found to be completely satisfactory however. Barriers across which ants find difficulty in passing are water vaseline and tanglefoot, either of which is completely effective as long as its surface remains clean; but dust particles or dead bodies of other ants will in each case finally form a bridge over which the insects can pass. They are however, sufficiently effective to be extremely useful as a control measure, and will be found very efficient for our common large species but least effective against the Argentine ant of all the ants occurring in this country. Ant Proof Construction. Of course this is the best solution of the problem. Where ants can not be eradicated all containers of food material should be made ant tight in every region where ants are troublesome. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case of the Argentine ant, but because of the relative great number of queens and the innumerable openings, the difficulty of destroying these ants in any region becomes very much greater than with the ordinary species. Still it is probable that colonies in the ground can be destroyed in this manner. Where colonies occur, however in the woodwork of houses or other buildings, or in the bark or rotten places in tree trunks, as is true of this species, the problem becomes very evidently still more difficult. Barriers. Barriers consist of substances either repellent or difficult of passage. Of the repellent substances, corrosive sublimate seems to have been about the most effective. It is not yet known exactly why such a substance should be repellent to anants, but it has proven so and is fairly effective against the Argentine species. It will not be found to be completely satisfactory however. Barriers across which ants find difficulty in passing are water vaseline and tanglefoot, either of which is completely effective as long as its surface remains clean; but dust particles or dead bodies of other ants will in each case finally form a bridge over which the insects can pass. They are however, sufficiently effective to be extremely useful as a control measure, and will be found very efficient for our common large species but least effective against the Argentine ant of all the ants occurring in this country. Ant Proof Construction. Of course this is the best solution of the problem. Where annts can not be eradicated all containers of food material should be made ant tight in every region where annts are troublesome. This method is probably the best that can be followed, even in the case ofthe Argentine ant, but because ofthe relative great number of queens andthe innumerable openings,the difficultyof destroyingtheseantisforinvestigationwhichbemadewhena newkindofintroductionbeforeeffectivewouldbedoneandwhichmustaccelletheworkinmostcasesasasitisunderway. If anything is to be done and requires therefore, that public citizens interest themselvesthe matter and see that there arenyeryofgovernmentbywhichregenciesaremetbeasedinmotionItshouldbeunderstoodthatwhenthaywholestateisinterestedinhterest,andnotsimplythecommerewheretheinsectisnowpresentThereisnoreasontoexpectinsecttospreadinthisstaterapidlythaninLouisiana,thethatisaccomplishedtheinsectbeinfestingthehomesof90percentofthepopulationofthestatetenyearsIfonecommunitystroystheinsectsinitsmainsstandsincontinuousdangerthencomefreshinfestedthusneededdoingtheworkoveragainfartherinsectispracticallyaddedtownthecountryaftercompleteinfestationofthetowns.Nowarebeginningtoappreciatetherogerto theircaneandorangeafterfive thousand squaremiles territoryareinfested,andthesecthasspreadintoanadstate.Herethereisprobablythanfivesquaremilesoftterm.Thepeopleintheinfesteddisarereadyandanxioustodoandthatmightbenecessarytoridselvesofthepest,boththereisingoingthattheycandoindividual measure, and will be found very efficient for our common large species but least effective against the Argentine ant of all the ants occurring in this country. Ant Proof Construction. Of course this is the best solution of the problem. Where ants can not be eradicated all containers of food material should be made ant tight in every region where ants are troublesome. This is something that is quite possible even for single rooms or dwelling houses, though it will require very different methods from those which are in vogue in ordinary residence construction. These ants do not burrow in wood but live in cracks or in rotten wood. The important thing of course, is to see to it that no cracks through which ants can come are allowed to remain. In wooden houses this can be accomplished by a free use of putty and paint and a special provision about the openings such as windows and doors and by constant attention to any cracks that may form through the drying or warping of the wood. In the case of warehouses the use of concrete as far as possible is thoroughly recommended, since this is fairly free from danger of cracking in a way to admit ants. The most serious difficulty in ant proof construction is the impossibility of free ventilation. Suggestions For Education. From what has been said above it will be seen that the control of this species of ant is particularly difficult and it would seem therefore a Boston Bake FRESH BREAD, PIES AND CAKES. Ice Cream and Confection S. Kistler, Proprietor ON REVENUE AND TAXATION OUTLINE OF A MODEL SYSTEM PRESENTED BY AN EXPERT. Voters Should Defeat Proposed Constitutional Amendment Which Seeks to Exempt Corporations From Just Burdens of Taxation We have hitherto pointed out the importance of defeating Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 1, which if enacted into law will permit railroads, street car lines, telegraph and telephone companies to escape burdens of taxation, and inevitably place them as additional hardships upon the poor. There is nothing to say in defense of the proposed amendment to the constitution of the state. It is a machine measure, pure and simple, devised to exempt corporations from taxation and should meet ignominious defeat. In this connection, the following article upon an ideal system of raising revenue, by Lawson Purdy, president of the Department of Taxes and Assessment of the city of New York, will be found to be of interest. The paper was read by its author before a recent meeting of the representatives of municipal organizations in the East, and caused widespread comment among students of the subject under discussion. We may say that while there are inequalities in the system of taxation at present in vogue in California, yet the law should not be changed until the proper system has been shown to be uniformly fair to all taxpayers, not an apology, as the proposed amendment seems to be for railroads and other corporations to shirk their just burdens of government and to shift them upon the amended to provide that: "The power of taxation must be surrendered, suspended, traced away. Taxes shall be upon the same class of subjects shall be levied and collected lic purposes." The same amendment is the state of Washington. vastly better than the formations but needs the followiication: * * * "within the territory of the authority levying which should be added sentence may read: "Taxes may be uniform in same class of subjects or territorial limits of the auditing the tax." To legislate by constituting legislate for the benefit of lawyers and against the people. The constituent furnish a skeleton of government not a code of laws. Divorce of State From Laws. Until about twenty-five years was upon the general property was assessed local assessors and a tax in such assessments for state purposes, as well as for town and other local purpose years ago it was apparent was a bad plan, because losers were induced to make sessments in order to save localities from paying a price of revenue to the state. This evil boards of equalize established, which were supervise the work of locators, and to equalize and common level the assessments every county, so that each should contribute its proper technologists, whose duties for the supervisors creating the direct. As a fruit lier, it falls in the domain of commissioner of horticulture in the county boards. The later, creating these offices introducing abundant authority simply designed to meet just enquiries—nevertheless fail the necessary means and investigation which must be a new kind of pest is before effective work can and which must accompany in most cases as long ever way. It is to be done at all it therefore, that public-spirit interest themselves in and see that the machinernment by which emermet be set in motion. It be understood that the this interested in this matsim simply the communities insect is now present. No reason to expect this spread in this state less in Louisiana, and if implished the insect will the homes of 90 percent ation of the state within If one community deinsects in its midst it continuous danger of bevested, thus necessitate work over again. Thus is practically confinient. For many years this Louisiana. The ants are slowly through the building block after block, the towns in shipments boat and only spreading entry after completing the of the towns. Now they ing to appreciate the dancane and orange crops thousand square miles of infested, and the inspread into an adjacent there is probably less square miles of territory. In the infested districts and anxious to do anything necessary to rid thempest, but there is nothcan do individually ex- We may say that while there are inequalities in the system of taxation at present in vogue in California, yet the law should not be changed until the proper system has been shown to be uniformly fair to all taxpayers, not an apology, as the proposed amendment seems to be for railroads and other corporations to shirk their just burdens of government and to shift them upon the shoulders of the poor. Systems of taxation are not made to order but grow out of the history and environment of the people. Changes are generally the result of new habits of life, new methods of business, new forms of property and general modifications of environment. Any consideration of a model tax law adapted to all the states must be governed by the fact that no two states have precisely the same history or law or conditions. All that can properly be attempted is such an outline as may be readily adaptable to the conditions in any state. In the following outline every state will find something already in force, and the elastic character of the system proposed allows easy modification and change, as conditions and habits of thought may change. It is beyond the bounds of possibility that the wisdom of the present shall suffice for succeeding generations. One of the best features any tax system can have is a susceptibility to easy modification and one of the worst is a condition of crystalization. Constitutions. The constitutions of the older states as originally adopted, contained few provisions in regard to taxation. The constitution of the state of New York was absolutely silent on the subject until 1901, when an amendment was adopted prohibiting exemption of real or personal property by private or local bill. The constitutions of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania contain almost nothing to limit the power of the legislature. All of these states have profiled by this freedom from constitutional restraint. The federal constitution prohibits discrimination between subjects of was a bad plan, because lossors were induced to make sessments in order to save localities from paying a professional revenue to the state. This evil boards of equalize established, which were supervise the work of locuors, and to equalize and baccommon level the assessevery county, so that each should contribute its proper state expenses. The condisuch that no state board cathis duty accurately, and thahas always been severely not sometimes justly, as directed tical and personal consider. It is inevitable that so lostate relies upon a tax upon as assessed by local office will be influenced by the their work affects the contrietheir own districts to large divisions. The competition local assessors to cut down den of state taxes, results contrary to law at a percentage of the true value property, and inequalities in sessments are sure to When assessments are more percentage of full value equalities may exist without parent. If, for example, the assessment is only one-half value, some property may ed at only 25 per cent of worth without attracting mu- and other property may be as 75 per cent of the sum for would sell, without the injurcting the attention even owner. If every assessment a place were doubled, some would be assessed at a gor more than its selling value; injustice and inequality would diately appear. Assessment law directs, at full value oi ty is absolutely essential to local equality. From every point of view enermment requires the divorce from local taxation. Exclusive Reliance Upon Taxes Objectionable For the last thirty year mists and state administra- seen the necessity for some cane and orange crops thousand square miles of infested, and the inspread into an adjacent there is probably less square miles of territory. in the infested districts an anxious to do anything necessary to rid thempest, but there is nothcan do individually exalliative measures that great menace to the unaffected. On is not accomplished financial losses to horthe majority of the instate must expect into have hundreds of patrolling their homes to garret, day and night, summer. How's This? Hundred Dollars Reward for orth that cannot be cured by cure. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, O. Signed, have known F. J. Chebey years, and believe him permitted in all business transactions able to carry out any obligas firm. ING, KINNAN & MARVIN, Mesale Druggists. Toledo, O. Cure is taken internally, acttive blood and mucous surm. Testimonials sent free. bottle. Sold by all Druggists. only Pills for constipation. The constitution of Ohio provides that: "Laws shall be passed taxing a uniform rule all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint stock companies or otherwise; and also all real and personal property according to its true value in money. The evils of such restraints have become very apparent in all states, which, like Ohio, and others of the west, have legislated by constitution. These evils will grow worse and worse as the constitutions of modern civilization become still more complex. Minnesota has amended its constitution, and Washington and Missouri have amendments pending. The constitution of the new state of Oklahoma will restrain the legislature no more than that of Minnesota. The constitution of Minnesota was silent on the subject until 1901, when an amendment was adopted prohibiting exemption of real or personal property by private or local bill. The constitutions of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania contain almost nothing to limit the power of the legislature. All of these states have profited by this freedom from constitutional restraint. The federal constitution prohibits discrimination between subjects of the same class, and between residents and non-residents; it prohibits interference with interstate commerce. These constitutional guarantees afford ample protection to the citizen. Further restraints upon the power of the legislature are efforts to impose the will of a living generation upon all those that are to come. The constitution of Ohio provides that: "Laws shall be passed taxing a uniform rule all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint stock companies or otherwise; and also all real and personal property according to its true value in money. The evils of such restraints have become very apparent in all states, which, like Ohio, and others of the west, have legislated by constitution. These evils will grow worse and worse as the constitutions of modern civilization become still more complex. Minnesota has amended its constitution, and Washington and Missouri have amendments pending. The constitution of the new state of Oklahoma will restrain the legislature no more than that of Minnesota. The constitution of Minnesota was silent on the subject until 1901, when an amendment was adopted prohibiting exemption of real or personal property by private or local bill. The constitutions of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania contain almost nothing to limit the power of the legislature. All of these states have profited by this freedom from constitutional restraint. The federal constitution prohibits discrimination between subjects of the same class, and between residents and non-residents; it prohibits interference with interstate commerce. These constitutional guarantees afford ample protection to the citizen. Further restraints upon the power of the legislature are efforts to impose the will of a living generation upon all those that are to come. The constitution of Ohio provides that: "Laws shall be passed taxing a uniform rule all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint stock companies or otherwise; and also all real and personal property according to its true value in money. The evils of such restraints have become very apparent in all states, which, like Ohio, and others of the west, have legislated by constitution. These evils will grow worse and worse as the constitutions of modern civilization become still more complex. Minnesota has amended its constitution, and Washington and Missouri have amendments pending. The constitution of the new state of Oklahoma will restrain the legislature no more than that of Minnesota. The constitution of Minnesota was silent on the subject until 1901, when an amendment was adopted prohibiting exemption of real or personal property by private or local bill. The constitutions of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania contain almost nothing to limit the power of the legislature. All of these states have profited by this freedom from constitutional restraint. For the last thirty yearmists and state administratseen the necessity for some divorce of state and local and have attempted to sepasource of revenue by provithe needs of the state by taxes on selected subjects, varying rates. In a few steffort has been so far success the state is wholly supported special taxes. Everywhere, evils have appeared as a rethis policy. This system ano elasticity. Sometimes t revenue is excessive, when gance is inevitable, and some is insufficient and the sforced to borrow or curtamate expenditures. The lack city, moreover, deprives therof the state of any direct with the management of the ture. Every owner of taxable ty should feel a direct constate affairs. Extravagance officials, or of the legislaturcome home to him immediate increase of his tax payment supply the state with momeans of special taxes levievying rates, does not sproblem. Some such taxes rerly be levied, but there sh and to provide that: The power of taxation shall never be rendered, suspended or contained away. Taxes shall be uniform the same class of subjects and be levied and collected for pubposes." Same amendment is pending in state of Washington. This is better than the former restriction needs the following modifice: "within the territorial limits of authority levying the tax." Should be added so that the government may read: It may be uniform upon the pass of subjects within the total limits of the authority levytax." Legislate by constitution is to for the benefit of courts and and against the interests of people. The constitution should be skeleton of government and code of laws. State From Local Taxation. About twenty-five years ago, on reliance for state revenue from the general property tax. It was assessed locally by lossors and a tax imposed on assessments for state and councies, as well as for city or other local purposes. Many so it was apparent that this plan, because local assessment induced to make low assists in order to save their own from paying a proper share due to the state. To remedy the boards of equalization were used, which were supposed to the work of local assessment to equalize and bring to a level the assessments in county, so that each county contribute its proper quota of ways be a margin to be evied so that the amount necessary will vitally interest every taxpayer. Apportionment of the Basis of Loccal Revenue. A method of raising so much state revenue as may be required in excess of that produced by special taxes is already in operation in the state of Oregon, and has been advocated in the state of New York by such responsible bodies as the New York Tax Reform Association and the Chamber of Commerce. By this plan so much state revenue as may be required is apportioned to the several counties in proportion to the actual local revenue raised for all purposes in each county. A state board is charged with the duty of obtaining reports from every taxing district in the state, showing the amount of its revenue. Each county is required to pay to the state that proportion of the total sum to be raised which its local revenue is of the total local revenue throughout the state. If the local revenue raised by any county and all the taxing districts within it is one-tenth of the total local revenue that county would pay one-tenth of the state tax. The statistics compiled to carry out this plan of apportionment would be exceedingly valuable in themselves. The taxpayers in every county would have an interest in keeping down their local expenditures, but as these local expenditures would be very much more than the sum they would be required to pay to the state, this inducement would not operate so strongly as to lead them to curtail proper expenditures for local purposes. Every taxpayer would get a bill annually showing the quota of his county to the state and the quota of the preceding year. If the amount in- had plan, because local assessment induced to make low assessions in order to save their own money from paying a proper share due to the state. To remedy the boards of equalization were used, which were supposed to be the work of local assessment to equalize and bring to a level the assessments in county, so that each county contribute its proper quota of expenses. The conditions are that no state board can perform its accurately, and their work may be severely criticised, as justly, as directed by polical personal considerations. Relevant that so long as the taxes upon a tax upon property used by local officials, they influenced by the fact that tax affects the contribution of own districts to larger political The competition between assessors to cut down the burrate taxes, results in assessnary to law at a small percent of the true value of the and inequalities in local asare sure to follow. Assessments are made at a rate of full value gross income may exist without being appared, for example, the average that is only one-half of full one property may be assessby 25 per cent of what it is without attracting much notice, property may be assessed at amount of the sum for which it is, without the injustice atthe attention even of the of every assessment in such were doubled, some property was assessed at a great deal in its selling value, and the and inequality would immepear. Assessment, as the works, at full value of properolutely essential to secure quality. Every point of view good govnequires the divorce of state taxation. Reliance Upon Special Taxes Objectionable. In last thirty years, econonic state administrators have necessity for some form of have an interest in keeping down their local expenditures, but as these local expenditures would be very much more than the sum they would be required to pay to the state, this inducement would not operate so strongly as to lead them to curtail proper expenditures for local purposes. Every taxpayer would get a bill annually showing the quota of his county to the state and the quota of the preceding year. If the amount increased his attention would immedi­ately be called to it, and he would inquire whether the state's expen­ditures had increased, or the expen­ditures of his own town had increased, so as to increase the town's share. Every taxpayer would thus be interested in state affairs, would resist the undue extension of state functions and extravagance in conduc­ting the business of the state. By apportioning the state burden in this manner, local assessments would no longer have any influence whatever in determining the amount of state taxes any community would pay. It would be practicable and probably desirable to provide county revenues by apportionment among the smaller political divisions of county, such as towns and cities. In this way all questions of county equaliza­tion, which are frequently as troublesome as state equalization, would be avoided. Subject of State Taxation. The selection of proper subjects for state taxation must be governed by the history and present conditions of each state. Revenue is now derived by some states under laws, which are not by any means perfect, but which have been in existence so long that it would be undesirable to change them at present. In some cases the state would perform the work of assessment, and whether it should retain the revenue or distribute it to the cities and towns is a question which must also be solved in view of the existing conditions in the state. The following subjects, if taxed at all, will generally be found suitable for state revenue: Inheritances, mortgages, insurance, business corporations, mineral rights and public ser- RELIANCE UPON SPECIAL TAXES OBJECTIONABLE. last thirty years, economists and state administrators have necessity for some form of state and local taxation, attempted to separate the revenue by providing for all of the state by special selected subjects, laid at states. In a few states this has been so far successful that is wholly supported by such taxes. Everywhere, however, appeared as a result of this system admits of city. Sometimes the state is excessive, when extravagant, and sometimes it is borrow or curtail legitimate duties. The lack of elasperity, deprives the people of any direct concern management of the expenditure owner of taxable proper feel a direct concern with cities. Extravagance of state law of the legislature should be to him immediately in the form of his tax payments. To the state with money by special taxes levied at unites, does not solve the Some such taxes may propy vied, but there should al- DEBS WILL SPEAK. Eugene V. Debs, Socialist candidate for president of the United States, will speak ten minutes in Orange on Thursday, September 10th, from 2:10 to 2:30 p.m., the day the "Red Special" passes through on its western tour. The itinerary of the "Red Special" in California includes San Bernardino, Riverside, San Diego, Oceanside, Orange, Pasadena, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Stockton and Sacramento. The "Red Special" is a feature of the Socialist campaign. Debs left Chicago August 31st, comes to the Coast over the southern route and returns via the north. The Socialist leader is scheduled for sixty evening speeches and many train talks. A band and a carload of literature accompany the train. Pulp galore for cows at 50 cents per ton and Molasses to sweeten hay for horses at $1.50 per barrel at LOS ALAMITOS SUGAR FACTORY.