anaheim-gazette 1907-11-07

PROBLEMS OF WATER SAVING Experiments to Determine Relative Efficiency of Canal Linings as Regards Seepage. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the relative efficiency of canal linings, as regards seepage only, and not to compare the resistance of the lining to the cutting or erosive force of running water. For this purpose twelve ditches closed at both ends were excavated in earth of uniform texture, that they might all be under the same conditions. These ditches were all lined with the different materials used in California for the lining of irrigating canals. After the ditches were excavated and lined daily measurements were taken to determine the rate of seepage, and from these the relative efficiency was obtained. LOCATION AND POSITION OF DITCHES. The site chosen for the experiments is in Stanislaus county, near Modesto, on the university experiment farm, about 3½ miles east of the town. Lateral No. 1 of the Modesta Irrigation district ran near the south end of the ditches and was the source of water supply for the experiments. The soil is a fine sandy loam and is very homogeneous to a depth of pany and the Anaheim pany. 2. Cement mortar and plaster 1 inch thick as used by Riverside by the water (Jurupa, Gage, and River in several other localities in eastern California. 3. Cement lime concrete thought the addition of cement to take the place of partment in the concrete since it would perhaps make more water tight and cheaper in some localities. 4. Puddle. 5. Road oil in various per square yard of surface as a mixture of oil and grease extensive use of oil and in road oiling when applied, especially in South fornia, where in many cases streets are almost as good better than asphaltum, visable to try oil in several areas. For a good oiled road foundation and a well-roofing surface are necessary quantity of heavy road oil should not exceed 1½ gallon square yard. For canal lining, there are somewhat different found in road construction foundation is not necessarily impracticable to roll the beds, and even if practical cost might not justify it. Of rolling must be made up more oil, and in these exp greater quantity of oil was square yard than is ordin The soil is a fine sandy loam and is very homogeneous to a depth of 2 feet; below this some hardpan was found in the north end of the ditches. This hardpan only occurred in small quantities and was in a soft condition. It could be plowed and removed with scrapers. It is to be regretted that a site with a more sandy soil was not available, as the results might have been more conclusive. The ditches were parallel and ran north and south, at right angles to Lateral No. 1. The south ends of the ditches were at approximately the same distance from this lateral, so that the seepage from it, if any, would affect each ditch equally. A wooden flume built with 1-inch by 12-inch redwood lumber, running parallel to the lateral and along the south end of the ditches, carried the water from the lateral to the ditches; a gate in the flume was provided for each ditch. The ditches were at the same elevation, that the effect of underground water might be equal, and were all 2½ feet deep, with side slopes of 1½ on 1, and a bottom width of 2 feet. A side slope of 1½ on 1 was used because the wet earth in the unlined ditches and the puddle in the puddled ditch would not stand on a steeper slope, and mainly because of the difficulty of oiling the slopes if they had been steeper. The length of the ditches at the top was 50 feet, the ends having also a slope of 1½ on 1; the bottom length was 42½ feet. The top bank width was 4½ feet, making a depth of 14 feet between the ditches, center to center. For canal lining, there are somewhat different foundations in road construction; impracticable to roll the beds, and even if practical cost might not justify it. Of rolling must be made up more oil, and in these experiments greater quantity of oil was square yard than is ordinary on roads. Mixture of oil were also used in the exteriors while they were coated at the same time unsure proving very poor linings using seepage. The order in which they were planned at first is the ditches being numbered east to west: No. 1. Lined with a heavy road oil and gravel portion of one part of oil parts of gravel. The lining inches thick. No. 2. Earth—no lining. No. 3. Lined with a heavy road oil and gravel proportion of one part of parts of gravel. The lining inches thick. No. 4. Heavy road oil using 3 2 3 gallons per square foot. No. 5. Earth—no lining. No. 6. Thin oil sprinkling 2½ gallons per square yard. No. 7. Clay puddle, thick. No. 8. Earth—no lining. No. 9. Cement mortar thick. No. 10. Cement concrete thick. No. 11. Earth—no lining. No. 12. Cement lime cones thick. It will be noticed that the ditches as above, there ditches lined and four earth with no lining. Each ear has an adjacent lined ditch side, so that in case of seep the four earth ditches was stand on a steeper slope, and mainly because of the difficulty of oiling the slopes if they had been steeper. The length of the ditches at the top was 50 feet. the ends having also a slope of 1½ on 1; the bottom length was 42½ feet. The top bank width was 4½ feet, making a depth of 14 feet between the ditches, center to center. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION. The site was not exactly level. It was thought best to make it so, that the ditches might be more nearly under the same conditions. The land was irrigated and plowed and the earth from the higher part of the plot was removed with Fresno scrapers and carried off the site. The ditches were all cut. After the surface was made level, the grade stakes were located and the excavation of the ditches begun. Each ditch was plowed deeply and the earth removed at first with Fresno scrapers, but as the bottom was reached the smaller scrapers (scoop scrapers) were used. In this manner the ditches were excavated roughly to the required cross-section. The total volume of excavation was approximately 500 cubic yards and the total cost was $95, or at the rate of 19 cents per cubic yard. LININGS TO BE USED. The linings which it was thought advisable to try in the experiment were: 1. Cement concrete similar to that used by the Santa Ana Water com- and the Anaheim Water comment mortar and cement 1 inch thick as used around side by the water companies (Aa, Gage, and Riverside) and several other localities in SouthCalifornia. ment lime concrete. It was at the addition of some lime in the place of part of the cember the concrete similar to No. and perhaps make the concrete water tight and also slightly in some localities. middle. oad oil in various proportions are yard of surface and also texture of oil and gravel. The use of oil and its success oiling when properly apespecially in Southern Caliwhere in many cases the oiled are almost as good and even than asphaltum, made it adto try oil in several ways. a good oiled road, a good pion and a well-rolled wearface are necessary. The way of heavy road oil necessary not exceed 1½ gallons to the yard. canal lining, the conditions newwhat different from those on road construction. A good pion is not necessary. It is feitable to roll the slopes and and even if practicable, the right not justify it. The lack must be made up by using , and in these experiments a quantity of oil was used per ward than is ordinarily used ditch. The lined ditches would also be affected more nearly equally by the seepage from the earth ditch. METHOD OF FINISHING DITCHES. After the excavation with teams the ditches were finished by hand in the following manner: Pieces of timber 2 inches by 3 inches were placed at the center of the banks between ditches, and extending parallel to them from one end of the ditch to the other; these pieces of timber were placed in the banks and made level. The top of these timbers was at the same level as the banks. Frames or templets were built of the same size as the finished ditch, ready for the lining. Four of these frames were used, the same one being used for the four earth ditches and for the ditches where the oil was sprinkled on the slopes and bottom. A second form was used for the cement mortar lined ditch; this form was larger than the previous one, allowing 1 inch for the lining. The third form was made large enough so that the ditch finished with this form, after being lined with a 2½ inch lining, would be of the same cross-section as the earth ditch. The fourth form was used where the ditch was to be lined with a 3½ inch lining. These frames were used in the following manner: Beginning at one end the frame was placed in the ditch and the side slopes and bed were cut down until the top piece of the frame would rest on the two pieces of timber on the banks. The frame was then moved forward on these guides and the cross-section was cut down with spades to the nearal lining, the conditions what different from those on road construction. A good condition is not necessary. It is applicable to roll the slopes and and even if practicable, the light not justify it. The lack must be made up by using and in these experiments a quantity of oil was used per yard than is ordinarily used as. Mixture of oil and gravel used in the experiments, tile they were costly, they the same time unsatisfactory very poor linings for stoppage. Order in which the ditches nunned at first is as follows, lines being numbered from west: Lined with a mixture of road oil and gravel in the proof one part of oil to eight gravel. The lining was 3½ inch. Earth—no lining. Lined with a mixture of road oil and gravel in the proof one part of oil to six gravel. The lining was 2½ inch. Heavy road oil sprinkled, 23 gallons per square yard. Earth—no lining. Thin oil sprinkled, using as per square yard. Clay puddle, 3½ inches Earth—no lining. Cement mortar, 1 inch Cement concrete, 2½ inches Earth—no lining. Cement lime concrete, 2½ inch. be noticed that arranging les as above, there are eight lined and four earth ditches lining. Each earth ditch adjacent lined ditch on each that in case of seepage from earth ditches was unequal, These frames were used in the following manner: Beginning at one end the frame was placed in the ditch and the side slopes and bed were cut down until the top piece of the frame would rest on the two pieces of timber on the banks. The frame was then moved forward on these guides and the cross-section was cut down with spades to the proper size. The slopes were finished first and the earth cut from the slopes was removed with a scraper. The cost of finishing was about one cent per square foot. METHOD OF LINING. No. 1. The oil was heated to a temperature of about 180 degrees Fahr., at which temperature it would flow easly. This heated oil was mixed with the gravel in the proportion of one part of oil to eight parts of gravel by volume.. The mixing was done with rakes and the mixture was very uniform. The sides were lined first. Pieces of timber 3½ inches thick were placed on the slopes at right angles to the axis of the ditch, about every 10 feet. The oil-gravel mixture was carried in wheelbarrows and dumped on the slopes between these timbers. A straight edge about 12 feet long, extending from one timber to the other and worked up and down the slope, regulating the thickness of the lining to 3¼ inches. The mixture was tamped while being placed in position. No. 3. This ditch was lined in exactly the same manner. The mixture used contained one part of heavy Bakersfied oil to six parts of gravel. The thickness of the lining was only 2¼ inches; the slope timbers being there-fore 2¼ inches thick instead of 3¼ as for No. 1. No. 4. This ditch was lined with the same heavy oil. The oil was heated to a temperature of 180 degrees Fahr., and was sprinkled or poured on the slopes with a 3-gallon watering pot, with the rose sprinkler flattened so as to throw a flat stream or sheet of oil on the side of the ditch. The oil was applied mostly on top of the slope, and as it ran down the slope it was gradually absorbed by the ground—some of it reaching the bottom: An excess of oil accumulating at the bottom was dragged up the slopes by using a stick about 3½ inch lining. These frames were used in the following manner: Beginning at one end the frame was placed in the ditch and the side slopes and bed were cut down until the top piece of the frame would rest on the two pieces of timber on the banks. The frame was then moved forward on these guides and the cross-section was cut down with spades to the proper size. The slopes were finished first and the earth cut from the slopes was removed with a scraper. The cost of finishing was about one cent per square foot. METHOD OF LINING. No. 1. The oil was heated to a temperature of about 180 degrees Fahr., at which temperature it would flow easly. This heated oil was mixed with the gravel in the proportion of one part of oil to eight parts of gravel by volume.. The mixing was done with rakes and the mixture was very uniform. The sides were lined first. Pieces of timber 3½ inches thick were placed on the slopes at right angles to the axis of the ditch, about every 10 feet. The oil-gravel mixture was carried in wheelbarrows and dumped on the slopes between these timbers. A straight edge about 12 feet long, extending from one timber to the other and worked up and down the slope, regulating the thickness of the lining to 3¼ inches. The mixture was tamped while being placed in position. No. 3. This ditch was lined in exactly the same manner. The mixture used contained one part of heavy Bakersfied oil to six parts of gravel. The thickness of the lining was only 2¼ inches; the slope timbers being there-fore 2¼ inches thick instead of 3¼ as for No. 1. No. 4. This ditch was lined with the same heavy oil. The oil was heated to a temperature of 180 degrees Fahr., and was sprinkled or poured on the slopes with a 3-gallon watering pot, with the rose sprinkler flattened so as to throw a flat stream or sheet of oil on the side of the ditch. The oil was applied mostly on top of the slope, and as it ran down the slope it was gradually absorbed by the ground—some of it reaching the bottom: An excess of oil accumulating at the bottom was dragged up the slopes by using a stick about 3½ inch lining. These frames were used in the following manner: Beginning at one end the frame was placed in the ditch and the side slopes and bed were cut down until the top piece of the frame would rest on the two pieces of timber on the banks. The frame was then moved forward on these guides and the cross-section was cut down with spades to the proper size. The slopes were finished first and the earth cut from the slopes was removed with a scraper. The cost of finishing was about one cent per square foot. METHOD OF LINING. No. 1. The oil was heated to a temperature of about 180 degrees Fahr., at which temperature it would flow easly. This heated oil was mixed with the gravel in the proportion of one part of油 to eight parts of gravel by volume.. The mixing was done with rakes and the mixture was very uniform. The sides were lined first. Pieces of timber 3½ inches thick were placed on the slopes at right angles to the axis of the ditch, about every 10 feet. The oil-gravel mixture was carried in wheelbarrows and dumped on the slopes between these timbers. A straight edge about 12 feet long, extending from one timber to the other and worked up and down the slope, regulating the thickness of the lining to 3¼ inches. The mixture was tamped while being placed in position. No. 3. This ditch was lined in exactly the same manner. The mixture used contained one part of heavy Bakersfied oil to six parts of gravel. The thickness of the lining was only 2¼ inches; the slope timbers being there-fore 2¼ inches thick instead of 3¼ as for No. 1. No. 4. This ditch was lined with the same heavy oil. The oil was heated to a temperature of 180 degrees Fahr., and was sprinkled or poured on the slopes with a 3-gallon watering pot, with the rose sprinkler flattened so as to throw a flat stream or sheet of oil on the side of the ditch. The oil was applied mostly on top of the slope, and as it ran down the slope it was gradually absorbed by the ground—some of it reaching the bottom: An excess of oil accumulating at the bottom was dragged up the slopes by using a stick about 3½ inch lining. These frames were used in the following manner: Beginning at one end the frame was placed in the ditch and the side slopes and bed were cut down until the top piece of the frame would rest on the two pieces of timber on the banks. The frame was then moved forward on these guides and the cross-section was cut down with spades to the proper size. The slopes were finished first and the earth cut from the slopes was removed with a scraper. The cost of finishing was about one cent per square foot. METHOD OF LINING. No. 1. The oil is no larger quantities at once several successive light are made, it will not be sary to use this mop. The oil was not raked sought for was to have thoroughly saturated crust was raked or plowed into have been disseminated thick a layer to form crust. No. 6. The sixth ditch with lighter oil in exam manner as fourth d gallons per square yard. No. 7. The seventh ditch with clay puddle. The cult to obtain, having about three miles, which costly. The clay contains sand and sand. It was sprinkler ter, and when soft was haw barrows and applied in terner as the oil-gravel to thickness of the lining w No. 9. The ninth ditch with cement mortar, comp part of cement to five pars.The lining being 1 inch scantlings or guides per slopes were only 1 inch th No. 10. This ditch with cement concrete 2½ inches posed of one part of cement parts of gravel and cruc equal quantities. No. 12. The twelfth ditch with cement concrete 2½ composet of 23 part oce lumine,and seven parts ocrushed rock in equal qua Before lining with cement concrete, and cementcrete,the slopes and bed were well wetted by spring three linings were also several days after ther The oil ditches had about ten days before A Boston schoolboy was tall, weak and sickly. His arms were soft and flabby. He didn’t have a strong muscle in his entire body. The physician who had attended the family for thirty years prescribed Scott’s Emulsion. NOW: To feel that boy’s arm you would think he was apprenticed to a blacksmith. ALL DRUGGISTS: 50c. AND $1.00. CATARRH ELY'S CREAM BALM FOR COLD IN CATARRH HEAD HAY-FEVER TRADE MARK ELY-BROS. NEW YORK ELY'S CREAM BALM Sure to Give Satisfaction. CIVES RELIEF AT ONCE. Spares, soothes, heals and protects the used membrane resulting from Catarrh drives away a Cold in the Head quickly. Preserves the Senses of Taste and Smell. Contains no injurious drugs used into the nostrils and absorbed. Size, 50 cents at Druggists or by Liquid Cream Balm for use inizers, 75 cents. BROTHERS, 56 Warren St., New York. Weather You Build Chicken coop, a house or stable will do well by yourself to let supply the lumber for inside or Flooring, ceiling, shingles, cing, etc., cut from fine timber first-class mills, well seasoned, properly handled and stored in our shed and sold at fair prices war-t us in asking for your trade. M.GRIFFITH CO John M. Adams, Mgr. ANAHEIM MACHINE WORKS Right Work at Right Prices 204 N. Los Angeles St. Anaheim VICTOR MONTGOMERY ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Attention given to Probate Business Commercial Bank Building. Santa Ana - Cal Tel. Black 791 au23-6m F. C. SPENCER ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Notary Public Odd Fellows' Block, Center Street Anaheim, Cal. Frank Baum REAL ESTATE Center Street Anaheim City and Country Property. Agent for Bay City Property DR. W. W. ADAMS OSTEOPATHIC PHYSICIAN Graduate of American School of Osteopathy of Kirksville, Mo. Office and Residence: 126 Philadelphia St. Office Hours: 10 to 12; 1 to 4. Phone No. Main 77 W. H. SYER, M. D. Physician and Surgeon Office and residence in Hart Building, next to City Hall (formerly Dr. Bickford's). Office hours, 10 to 12 a.m., 2 to 4 p.m., 7 to 8 p.m. Telephone No. Main 74 ANAHEIM - CAL J. L. BEEBE, M. D. PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON. Office and res. cor. Center and Palm Sts. M.GRIFFITH CO Harry M. Adams, Mgr. mop. If the oil is not applied in quantities at once, but instead it successive light applications made, it will not be found neces- to use this mop. The oil was not raked in; the object not for was to have the oil form a roughly saturated crust; while if it wasaked or plowed in, the oil may been disseminated through too a layer to form a water-tight 6. The sixth ditch was sprinkled lighter oil in exactly the same manner as the fourth ditch, using 2½ inches per square yard. 7. The seventh ditch was lined clay puddle. The clay was diffi- to obtain, having to be hauled three miles, which made it very hard. The clay contained fine silt and. It was sprinkled with wa- and when soft was hauled in wheel-aws and applied in the same man-ways the oil-gravel mixture. The necessity of the lining was 3½ inches. 9. The ninth ditch was lined cement mortar, composed of one part of cement to five parts of gravel. Lining being 1 inch thick, theings or guides placed on the walls were only 1 inch thich. 10. This ditch was lined with concrete 2½ inches thick, com- of one part of cement to seven of gravel and crushed rock in quantities. 12. The twelfth ditch was lined cement concrete 2½ inches thick, used of 23 part of cement, 13 of sand and seven parts of gravel and rock in equal quantities. More lining with cement mortar, concrete, and cement lime con- the slopes and bed of the ditches well wetted by sprinkling. These linings were also kept wet for all days after the construction. Oil ditches had been finished ten days before the water was draughted. W. H. SYER, M. D. Physician and Surgeon Office and residence in Hart Building, next to City Hall (formerly Dr. Bickford's). Office hours, 10 to 12 a.m., 2 to 4 p.m., 7 to 8 p.m. Telephone No. Main 74 ANAHEIM - CAL J. L. BEEBE, M. D. PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON. Office and res. cor. Center and Palm Sts. Office hours: 2 to 4, 7 to 8 p.m. Both Phones. ANAHEIM, CAL. W. Harold Wickett, M. D. Res. Phones, Main 8X3, Home 863. Herbert A. Johnston, M. D. Res. Phones, Main 82, Home 862. Drs. Johnston & Wickett Office Hours, 11-12, 2-4, 7-8. Office Phones, Main 81, Home 861. Offices, 310 S. Los Angeles Street. RICHARD MELROSE ATTORNEY-AT-LAW and NOTARY PUBLIC Office Center St Special attention given to Probate Matters ANAHEIM - CAL. F. BACKS Undertaker Dealer in Furniture, Wall Paper Cornices, Window Shades, Picture Frames, Upholstery Goods, Paints, Oils, and Glass. Sewing Machine Supplies Corner Los Angeles and Chartres Sts Boston Bakery FRESH BREAD, PIES AND CAKES. Ice Cream and Confectionery S. Kistler, Proprietor Finest of Wines, Liquors and Cigars at Roman Wisser's Favorite Saloon ANAHEIM BEER ON DRAUGHT Center St. - r - Anaheim Wisser’s Favorite Saloon ANAHEIM BEER ON DRAUGHT Center St. - r - Anaheim Anaheim Bakery PETER SYRE, Prop. Fresh Bread Cakes and Pies Confectionery, Ete. Wedding Cakes a Specialty. LOS ANGELES and OYPRESS ST WE ARE THE LARGEST ADVERTISERS OF REAL ESTATE IN THE UNITED STATES We will sell your farm, home, or business property wherever situated. Send for our blank to give description of same and have it listed with us. We have buyers for property all over the United States and your farm, home or business property may be just what our customers want. If you want to buy a farm, home or business property, write us to-day what you want and in what state, county, or town you want to locate. We issue a new booklet of farms, homes and business property that we have for sale every month and sent on request. You had better have your farm, home or business property listed with us for our next issue. If you need the service of an attorney before the Patent Office or other branches of the Government in this city, we will give you the name of a reliable firm. Write today. E. J. TOTTEN & CO. Bond Building Washington, D. C.