anaheim-gazette 1905-05-11

TRADE MARK REGISTERED UNION Patented July 12, 1895, and April 23, 1899. This is the easiest fence to put up Is the prettiest fence when it is used Stays up in good shape the longest Just notice the LOCK, it stays GATES READY MADE AT L. E. MILLE Started Up Electric Fencing Clipper at Palace Livery Stable J. Hahn, Prop. Tel. Main 97, Los Angeles St., Started Up Clipper at Palace Livery Stable J. Hahn, Prop. Tel. Main 97, Los Angeles St., First National Bake ANAHEIM, CAL. Drafts sold direct on all European Coun OFFICERS W. F. BOTSFORD, President JOHN HARTUNG, Vice Pres.-Cash. FRANK SHANLEY, 2d Vice Pres. O. ZEUS, Cashier DIRECTORS PETER WEISEL A. S. BRADFORD FRANK S. CENTER MARKET Carries a choice line of Fresh and Salt M Phno Main 123 Center Street, ANAHEIM MARTIN & KLE Anaheim Baker Peter Syre, Proprietor Anaheim Baker Peter Syre, Proprietor Fresh Bread, Cakes and Confectionery, Etc., Wedding Cake a Specialty LOS ANGELES and CYPRESS ST. Palace Meat Market F. W. FLEISCHMAN, Prop. Beef, Mutton, Pork, Fresh and SaMeats, Hams, Bacon, Sausage, Prompt attention given to all orders. Advertise right and it will pay Gazette advertising is right adverti The Underground Waters of Southern California [By W. C. Mendenhall, Geologist, Twelfth National Irrigation Congress, El Paso, Tex.] (Continued from last week) The geological relations which have made this condition possible may be briefly outlined. The valley of Southern California is not a normal stream valley, carved by stream action and adjusted in width, depth and alignment to the volume and course of the stream. It owes its character entirely to other agencies, those agencies being crustal movements. This diversified low land may be best described as a series of deep, irregular crustal troughs, parallel to each other and to the Pacific shore line, plunging to the northwest and abutting in this direction against the granitic San Gabriel range. At the foot of this range the ridges separating the troughs are lowest, and a practically continuous valley extends from Santa Monica to San Bernardino. Farther south the separating ridges rise higher, and the valley is broken by mountain chains and groups. As these troughs and their separating ridges have formed by geologic processes, the previously existing rivers have maintained their way across them from the higher mountains where they rise, to the sea, and in maintaining these courses have cut canyons in the ridges and have filled the troughs with the sands, gravels and clays that are due to erosional activity lying upon the plain checked and the heath are dropped. At the of any particular velocity of flow is materials are laid sheets. These have slope of the stream limited in their extent. In this direction they come coarser until their impervious. Then when the impurity above them is pierced. These cheap artesian well distributed in California, and have been elements in its developed original area of the which they were for 375 square miles, but a shrinkage of 33 per cent the last fifteen years uries only about 250. Since these artesian like the normal system porous rock which has regarded as the type special characteristic directly upon their use. In the first place, unconsolidated and material, they have mission capacity. The water flow through Clipper at Stable rop. Angeles St., Anaheim As these troughs and their separating ridges have formed by geologic processes, the previously existing rivers have maintained their way across them from the higher mountains where they rise, to the sea, and in maintaining these courses have cut canyons in the ridges and have filled the troughs with the sands, gravels and clays that are due to their erosive action. The result is a series of deep bedrock valleys filled with alluvium, across which the rivers flow. These conditions give rise to certain peculiarities in the habits of the rivers, peculiarities which it happens adapt them in a wonderful way to man's needs as an irrigationist. The Santa Ana river is the most important of these Southern California streams, has the largest drainage basin, the longest course and exhibits these beneficent peculiarities in the great perfection. It will therefore be briefly traced as an example of the type. It rises in the higher San Bernardino mountains where rainfall is abundant, and has attained a volume of from 25 to 50 second feet when it reaches the first of the filled geologic troughs at the mouth of its upper canyon. Here it promptly sinks in the coarse debris and percolates slowly below the surface, protected perfectly from evaporation and contamination until it reaches the lowest point in the rim of this depression. This rim forces it to the surface, and it flows across it as a living stream, the waters which escape diversion sinking again in the gravel filling of the second trough. After a short subterranean course it is forced out again by the impervious rock at Riverside Narrows, and continues to flow over the surface through the Santa Ana mountains until beyond these it reaches the inner edge of the greatest of the troughs, the Coastal Plain, in which it sinks. Below Santa Ana it rises once more in a series of strong scattered springs and escapes to the sea. This hide and seek habit is char- Since these artesian like the normal syphonous rock which he regarded as the type special characteristic directly upon their w In the first place, unconsolidated and material, they have mission capacity. the water flow through individual ten-inch few cases yielded six feet of water. Such fail because the water the head of the alluvial reach the boring, as case in the Denver ample. On the other so freely they draw at a very rapid rate, stored if closed for a new supply is allowe late. The fact that the strata lie approximatethe surface, and thaare very near it, facilitate to such an extenters in many instances more economical to each ten acre lot thanfrom a single cent condition encourage cation of wells and upon the artesian suIt is these great rotheir filling of satwash which constitutant undergroundhave not only tided ta long period of lowhave actually made stant additions durin again by the impervious rock at Riverside Narrows, and continues to flow over the surface through the Santa Ana mountains until beyond these it reaches the inner edge of the greatest of the troughs, the Coastal Plain, in which it sinks. Below Santa Ana it rises once more in a series of strong scattered springs and escapes to the sea. This hide and seek habit is characteristic of the rivers of this valley, and is as ideal an adaptation to the needs of the arid land horticulturist as though definitely planned by man for his own benefit. The lower rims of the rock folds force the water to the surface at very convenient intervals for diversion, and meanwhile not only is the water in its underground passage saved from loss by evaporation, but the irregular spasmodic supply at the canyon mouths is converted into a uniform flow which is unaffected by individual storms and responds but slowly to prolonged wet or dry periods. These basins are, therefore, not only storage reservoirs, but are most effective regulators as well, and go far to bring about that most important desideratum in irrigation practice, uniformity of supply. An additional important economic factor is introduced by the presence of artesian conditions along the lower margin of each of these storage basins. The material with which the rock basins are filled is alluvium, river deposited sediment. Each stream issuing from its mountain canyon carries with it the products of its prosional activity there. Debouching upon the plain, its velocity is checked and the heavier fragments are dropped. At the lower margin of any particular basin, where the velocity of flow is least, the finest materials are laid down as clay sheets. These have the original slope of the stream bed and are limited in their extent upstream. In this direction they gradually become coarser until they are no longer impervious. The waters entering the valley at the canyon mouths and percolating seaward below the surface through the more porous strata are entrapped beneath these topping clay blankets, where, under the weight of the waters behind them, they accumulate pressure. When the impervious clay cap above them is pierced they flow. These cheap artesian waters are well distributed in Southern California, and have been important elements in its development. The original area of the lands under which they were found was about 255 square miles, but it has suffered shrinkage of 33 per cent during the last fifteen years and now measures only about 250 square miles. Since these artesian basins are unlike the normal synclinal folds in porous rock which have come to be regarded as the type, so they have special characteristics which bear directly upon their usefulness. In the first place, being in wholly consolidated and generally coarse material, they have a high transmission capacity. So freely does water flow through them that itod to the reclaimed lands. These great natural reservoirs more than compensate for the lack of sites for effective artificial storage. Their actual capacity is to be expressed in cubic miles rather than in smaller units. The San Bernardino basin has been explored by the auger for over 1000 feet, and is roughly estimated to attain a maximum depth of 3000 or 4000 feet. The alluvial filling about Pomona and Chiqo, and that east of Pasadena, above the Paso de Bartolo, is known to extend below sea level. The great Coastal Plain basin has been explored for 1800 feet, and its depth, were it known, would probably be found to run well up into the thousands. With a surface area of 775 square miles and on the basis of 30 per cent of voids, a very impressive but utterly valueless estimate might be made of the amount of water stored in it. Now while, as I have stated, the underground reservoirs have proven of incalculable value to Southern California during the decade just passed, and have not only carried the country through this period, in spite of the fact that the greater part of its earlier development was carried out during and upon the basis of a decade of excessive rainfall, but have actually permitted a continual increase of acreage under irrigation, it is not to be expected that this result has been attained without affecting the water level in the reservoirs. Water levels have, in fact, declin- Since these artesian basins are unlike the normal synclinal folds in various rock which have come to be regarded as the type, so they have special characteristics which bear directly upon their usefulness. In the first place, being in wholly consolidated and generally coarse material, they have a high transmission capacity. So freely does the water flow through them that individual ten-inch wells have in a few cases yielded six or eight second set of water. Such wells do not fail because the water supplied at the head of the alluvial fan can not reach the boring, as has been the case in the Denver basin, for example. On the other hand, flowing freely they draw down the supply a very rapid rate, but can be reared if closed for a time, while a new supply is allowed to accumulate. The fact that the water bearing data lie approximately parallel to the surface, and that the highest level near it, facilitates development to such an extent that ranchers in many instances have found it economical to sink a well for each ten acre lot than to distribute from a single central well. This tradition encourages the multiplication of wells and the draughts on the artesian supply. It is these great rock basins, with their filling of saturated alluvial ash which constitute the important underground reservoirs that are not only tided the region over long periods of low rainfall, but have actually made possible constant additions during the dry period of its earlier development was carried out during and upon the basis of a decade of excessive rainfall, but have actually permitted a continual increase of acreage under irrigation, it is not to be expected that this result has been attained without affecting the water level in the reservoirs. Water levels have, in fact, declined notably, artesian areas have shrunken, and pressures in wells still flowing have decreased markedly. The thing which causes most surprise is that these shrinkages have not been more violent. The underground supplies have been attacked in front and rear. The summer, and a part of the winter flow of the mountain streams is diverted at the canyon mouths and used for irrigation, where formerly all of it sank into the gravels and joined the underground supply. A few storage reservoirs have been built which hold a part of the winter flood waters that are now and always have been the chief source from which the ground waters are replenished. Thus not only has the supply been less during the past decade because of drouth, but it has been further curtailed because of diversion and storage. In addition to this indirect attack, the great number of artesian wells and pumping plants which have been put in have directly attacked the quantity of stored waters. It is estimated that of the 225,000 acres under irrigation in the valley of Southern California at present, two-thirds are dependent upon developed underground waters, about 400 Good Health to the Children Children especially are fond of dainties, and the housekeeper must look carefully to their food. As good cake can be made only with good eggs, so also a cake that is healthful as well as dainty must be raised with a pure and perfect baking powder. Royal Baking Powder is indispensable in the preparation of the highest quality of food. It imparts that peculiar lightness, sweetness and flavor noticed in the finest cake, biscuit, doughnuts, crusts, etc., and what is more important, renders the food wholesome and agreeable to young and old. ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO., NEW YORK.