anaheim-gazette 1915-07-22

GITRUS THRIPS CONTROLLED BY SPRAYING CHEAP AND EFFECTIVE MEANS FOR ERADICATING MINUTE PEST GROVES IN SAN JOAQUIN COUNTRY AND ELSEWHERE ATTACKED That it is financially profitable to spray citrus trees in order to rid them of the citrus thrips is the conclusion reached by the U.S. department of agriculture after an investigation into conditions in the San Joaquin Valley and in the orange groves of southern California and Arizona. The citrus thrips is a minute orange yellow insect which sucks juices from the leaves, the rind and the stems of citrus fruits much as the mosquito draws blood from human beings. Young trees in nurseries are blighted and rendered unsightly and the fruit itself is reduced in size and its attractive appearance impaired. Since the eating qualities are not injured, however, it has been argued that the control of the pest is more costly than the damage it does. From figures published in a new Farmers' Bulletin of the department of agriculture, No. 674, it appears that this is not so. At the present time many California packing houses divide their oranges into three grades, although in some cases no distinction is made between the first two. As far as injury from thrips is concerned, it has been calculated that 34 per cent of the fruit is first grade, 43 per cent second, and its control were conducted by J. R. Horton, of the department of agriculture during the period from 1910 to 1912. It is the purpose of the present paper to give briefly the practical control measures resulting from these studies. That the citrus thrip is a sucking insect feeding on the plant juices of the leaves, the fruit rind, and the bark of tender stems, in much the same manner as the mosquito draws its food from its victims, can not be killed by stomach poisons sprayed on the plant, but must be controlled by sprays that kill by contact. The injury caused by the citrus thrips begins with the seedling orange tree. The leaves are scarred and distorted, and to a certain extent the stock is devitalized. When the seed stock is budded and the foliage of the seedling is trimmed off, the thrips attacks the bud. Nursery buds will make a fine luxurant growth of 2 or 3 feet in a season if properly sprayed to protect them from thrips. On the other hand, many nursery trees have the leaves and stems so badly scarred and twisted as to give them a blighted unsightly appearance, and are so retarded in growth that they must be held in the nursery for a year or more beyond the proper time for sale in order to meet the size requirements, thus decreasing the nurseryman's profit by the cost of the extra care. It sometimes happens that this class of stock is sold along with better trees, and the thrips injury continues for several years, in the orchard. The writer knows of 5- and 10-year groves in the foothills of Tulare county which have been held back, principally by thrips, to such an extent that the trees are no larger than 3 and 5 year trees in less infested situations. From the general appearance of such trees it seems evident that they will never attain the size and bearing capacity of trees which have escaped severe thrips infestation in the nursery and during their early years in the orchard. As the young fruit appears it in turn is attacked, and its market value at maturity is much reduced by the enlarged feeding scars and scabbing. A larger percentage of small-sized fruits than ordinarily develop results, and there is a total loss, as the result of early and severe scabbing, of a proportion of the fruit. To calculate the damage caused by the insect in reduc- At the present time many California packing houses divide their oranges into three grades, although in some cases no distinction is made between the first two. As far as injury from thrips is concerned, it has been calculated that 34 per cent of the fruit is first grade, 43 per cent second, and 23 per cent third. First grade fruit averages 37 cents more a box than second and second 28 cents more than third. Where only two grades are shipped there is an average difference of 57 cents a box between the two. With these differences in prices, spraying will raise the grades of a sufficient number of boxes to return a handsome profit on the investment. In order to demonstrate this, the bulletin already mentioned takes an acre of 18-year old navel orange trees as a basis for calculation. The total cost, including labor, of three applications of time sulphur is found to be $14.09. With a yield per acre of 324 boxes of fruit, spraying should raise 58 boxes, or 18 per cent, from the second to the first grade—only two grades being now considered. The difference in price between the two grades being 51 cents, this means increased receipts of $29.58 or a net profit per acre from spraying of $15.49. The application at high pressure of contact insecticides, preferably containing sulphur in solution, is declared to be the only cheap and effective way of controlling the thrips. Commercial lime sulphur, sulphur soda solutions, and black leaf tobacco extracts are among the insecticides which have been found effective. Of these, commercial lime sulphur is perhaps the cheapest and most convenient, for good grades may be purchased at reasonable price and only require dilution with water to be ready for use. One gallon of a preparation testing 36 degrees Baume should be diluted with 56 gallons of water. Sulphur soda solution is equally effective but it must be made at home at a cost equal to that of lime sulphur on the market. The formula for its manufacture as follows: Powdered sulphur, 30 pounds. Powdered caustic soda (98 per cent), -15 pounds. Water to make, 30 gallons. The sulphur is made into a paste with water, and, while the mixture is being constantly stirred, the soda added in sufficient quantity to start boiling. As the boiling becomes violent, water should be added to retard it. When all the sulphur has been taken into solution, the remainder of the water is added. The final product should be a clear, amber colored liquid every 2 gallons of which should be di- As the young fruit appears it in turn is attacked, and its market value at maturity is much reduced by the enlarged feeding scars and scabbing. A larger percentage of small-sized fruits than ordinarily develop results, and there is a total loss, as the result of early and severe scabbing, of a proportion of the fruit. To calculate the damage caused by the insect in reducing the grade of the fruit, it is necessary to know the system of grading and the relative market value of the grades. Three packs are usually made in California packing houses at the time of this writing, these packs or grades being variously designated as Fancy, Choice, and Standard; Extra Fancy, Fancy and Choice; or Extra Choice, Choice and Standard. Whatever the terms used there is usually little difference in the quality of fruit of corresponding grades at the different packing houses. In other cases only two divisions are made, the first grade generally being designated as Orchard Run and the second or lower grade as Standard. Under the latter system the quality of the fruit composing the first grade is about the same as would be obtained by placing together all the fruit of the first and second grades of the three grade pack. Statistics upon the quantity of fruit shipped from the entire San Joaquin Valley and the prices received for it are not available, but from Lindsay and its tributaries 1,525 carloads of naveloranges were shipped in 1911. The approximate average number of boxes of fruit to the car is 390, making 594,750 boxes for the season's shipment. From examination of thousands of oranges in the field, throughout the district and in many groves, it was calculated that 34 per cent of all the fruit would be classed as first grade so far as thrips injury was concerned, 43 per cent as second grade, and 23 per cent as third grade. Returns received by different packing houses on a total of 358,000 boxes of navels of all grades for the season indicated the following average differences in price per box between the different grades. First grade fruit averaged 37 cents more per box than that of second grade; the latter 28 cents more than that of third. Fruit shipped in only two grades gave an average difference of 51 cents per box in favor of the first grade. It may be seen from the foregoing data that 43 per cent, or 255,742 boxes, of the Lindsay fruit was reduced to second grade at a loss of 37 cts. per box, or $94,624.54; 23 per cent was reduced to third grade at a loss of 65 cents per box, or an additional $88,914.80. There was thus a total loss for the Lindsay district alone of approximately $183,539.34 in the season of 1911 from grade reduction caused by thrips. ARRAIGNED IN FELONY CHARGE its manufacture as follows: Powdered sulphur, 30 pounds. Powdered caustic soda (98 per cent), -15 pounds. Water to make, 30 gallons. The sulphur is made into a paste with water, and, while the mixture is being constantly stirred, the soda added in sufficient quantity to start boiling. As the boiling becomes violent, water should be added to retard it. When all the sulphur has been taken into solution, the remainder of the water is added. The final product should be a clear, amber colored liquid every 2 gallons of which should be diluted with 25 gallons of water for spraying. Very good results are also obtained with plain tobacco extracts of sufficient strength. The extract should be 40 per cent nicotine and used preferably at the rate of one part to 800 parts of water. The commercial tobacco extract is convenient to handle and, at the rate of 1 to 800, costs approximately a cent and a half for each gallon of the diluted spray. Three sprayings are regarded as necessary during the period between the falling of the petals and the time when the fruit is half grown. The first application should be given when four-fifths or more of the petals have fallen, the second from 10 to 14 days later, and the third application from two to four weeks afterwards. A fourth spraying is desirable in late August or September when the thrips are likely to congregate upon new shoots. The spraying outfit should be set up ready to be put in operation, not later than April 1 and the necessary materials should be ordered in January or February, in order to insure their being on hand when wanted. Detailled instructions for spraying orchards, nurseries and seed beds are contained in Farmers' Bulletin 674. The citrus thrips, a minute orange-yellow insect, has in the past few years caused extensive damage to citrus fruits in the San Joaquin valley of California and also occasioned considerable injury in southern California and Arizona orange groves. The nature and extent of the injury caused by this insect and its life history, and habits wee carefully studied, and extensive experiments for Anaheim Gazette SHIPS RETURN WITH FREE TRADE GOODS CARRY WAR SUPPLIES TO EUROPE, BRING BACK FOREIGN MADE GOODS IMPORTS SHOW LARGE INCREASE IN AMERICAN PORTS, OUR WORKMEN DISPLACED Imports of more than $18,500,000 in the first five business days of one week at the port of New York demonstrate clearly that the Underwood tariff is still effecting a tremendous displacement of profits and wages to American industry. The vessels of the world, excepting those of Germany and Austria, are still steaming up the Narrows in New York with cargoes from many ports, and they make a huge customhouse record of imports. The first five business days of one week which has been under consideration scored a total value of imports of more than $18,500,000. With more ships inward-bound, than outward bound, the imports submerged American exports, which at $16,763,000 for the whole week of six days, are nearly $1,000,000 less than the imports of five days, and were down from New York's exports of the week before by more than $13,000,000. While much is being made of the export trade, it is apparently forgotten that every ship which carries ammunition to the Allies returns to the United States laden with textiles and other goods which displace America moved by the statements of Secretary Wilson showing that 400,000 are out of work in New York city alone. That the burden falls ultimately upon the American working man is disclosed by the recent investigation of the National Civic Federation, which resulted in the disclosure that labor gets two-thirds of the added value created by manufacture, while capital gets one-third. The Federaton's interest was aroused by the statement, so often quoted, that labor gets one-fifth the value of manufactured products, and capital four-fifths. Census figures of 1910 frequently are cited to prove this assertion. The Federaton, in a report just issued, shows that the error arises from considering the gross value and not the net. The report says: "The trap into which so many who undertake to reason from the census have fallen lies in the hasty assumption that the gross product of manufacturing industries is the measure of the wealth produced. "From the $2,420, the average value of each worker's annual output, must be deducted $1,395 for materials leaving $1,025 to represent the added value given raw materials in manufacturing. Out of this capital must meet taxes, advertising, rents, royalties, insurance and the like. When these are deducted there remains $889 to be divided between owner and employee. Labor gets $590, or 66.4 per cent of this while capital gets $299, or 33.6 per cent. This takes no account of depreciation. With allowance for depreciation capital is seen to have for interest and profits, three-tenths of labor's share. Even this analysis does not take into consideration the fact that a large amount of the price paid for raw materials also goes to labor. Senator Aldrich once stated that the cost of labor and the cost of production were synonymous terms. This is shown..." outward bound, the imports submerged American exports, which at $16,763,000 for the whole week of six days, are nearly $1,000,000 less than the imports of five days, and were down from New York's exports of the week before by more than $13,000,000. While much is being made of the export trade, it is apparently forgotten that every ship which carries ammunition to the Allies returns to the United States laden with textiles and other goods which displace American labor and profits. Information from the consular reports and other resources show that many Americans are now finding it profitable to invest capital in foreign countries with a view to marketing their produce in the United States. Recently there has been established in Canada agencies for the purchasing and shipping of cattle to the United States. Agricultural implements placed on the free list by the free traders in an attempt to fool the farmer are being manufactured in Canada with American capital, but with Canadian labor, and are then shipped across the border. The farmer is not getting his farm machinery any cheaper. The American people are not getting their food any cheaper. American meat packers in America are finding good pickings in our market, now that meat is on the free list. In an address to a Maine audience in the fall of 1913, Champ Clark, speaker of the house said: We believe our tariff bill will reduce the cost of living more fairly, adjust tariff taxation and at the same time raise abundant revenue for the government. This was a typical democratic statement following the campaign pledge of 1912 that the cost of living would be reduced as an accompaniment to the reduction of the tariff. Protectionists might cite examples of their own to show how miserably this promise has failed of realization, but it is far better to permit the democratic administration to explain the situation for itself. Secretary Wilson, of the department of commerce, says that the cost of living reached its highest point in September, 1914, when the price of all food was 7.1 per cent higher than the average price for 1913. He also said that the price of all food combined was 2 per cent higher for 1914 than for 1913. The latter is probably the fairer statement, since it takes not the high point of 1914, but the average price of all food for cent of this while capital gets $299 or 33.6 per cent. This takes no account of depreciation. With allowance for depreciation capital is seen to have for interest and profits, three-tenths of labor's share. Even this analysis does not take into consideration the fact that a large amount of the price paid for raw materials also goes to labor. Senator Aldrich once stated that the cost of labor and the cost of production were synonymous terms. This is shown conclusively by the investigation of the Nation Civic Federation. Just as a concrete example of the way American labor is being displaced, it might be stated that the imports of wool and the manufacturers of wool for the first four months of 1915 and for the preceding six months of 1914 show considerable increase. Class 1 wools have increased 56,774,417 pounds and class 2 wools, including mohair, etc., 1,987,357 pounds, notwithstanding the war embargoes. The imports of class 3 wools have fallen off 27,787,115 pounds, but the totals show a net increase of wool during the present period was 30,076,059. HARD CLOVER SEED The seed coats of many species of the clover family in nature are hard and practically waterproof, so that frequently the seeds are incapable of readily taking up the water necessary for their germination. As soon, however, as this waterproof coat is broken or becomes permeable the seed takes up water rapidly and usually germinates, producing a strong healthy seedling. The farmer, of course, wants clover seed which germinates promptly; that which takes an indefinite period is relatively valueless. A large percentage of hand harvested and hand hulled clover seed is slow to germinate, pending the change in the seed coat. Commercial red, alsiike, and white clover seed, however, usually contain only a small proportion of hard and slow germinating seeds for the reason that the seed coats are commonly altered by scratching or by the severe rubbing which they receive when passing through the hulling machine. In many localities in the United States, clover is gathered for seed and hulled in various ways, some of which is not conductive to the production of good seed. The new Farmers' Bulletin, No. 676, Hard Clover Seed and its Treatment in Hulling, tells of the difference between com- quently a few seeds out of every hundred are noticeably broken. Some these broken seeds are not injure except in their power to retain the vitality for a long period of time; others are valueless. In the comparative tests of the germ-inactive powers of seed hulled by hand and of seed machine hulled it cratic administration to explain the situation for itself. Secretary Wilson, of the department of commerce, says that the cost of living reached it highest point in September, 1914, when the price of all food was 7.1 per cent higher than the average price for 1913. He also said that the price of all food combined was 2 per cent higher for 1914 than for 1913. The latter is probably the fairer statement, since it takes not the high point of 1914, but the average price of all food for 1914, and compares it with the average price in 1913. So much for the cost of living. Now as to the Underwood free trade tariff as a revenue producer. The government's fiscal year has just ended. The treasury statement issued at the end of the fiscal year shows an excess of expenditures over revenues of $108,164,962.52. The maximum estimate of returns under the income and corporation taxes is $80,000,000. A large amount of this has already been figured into the revenue of the fiscal year; so it is clear that there will be a deficit, even after the collection of all taxes, amounting to $40,000,000 or $50,000,000. The war tax levied by the free trade administration was designed to make up any losses resulting from the European war; so it is a fair deduction that the present deficit is due solely to the loss of revenue from the present tariff. That this should have been expected is shown by the fact that 63 per cent of all imports are coming in free of duty. There need be no argument to show that it is impossible for American industry, paying the high scale of wages that prevails in this country, to compete with Europe, which pays wages much lower, frequently two-thirds lower. But if there is any doubt as to where the heavy burden of the Underwood free trade tariff has been falling, this doubt has been repeatedly a few seeds out of every hundred are noticeably broken. Some of these broken seeds are not injured except in their power to retain their vitality for a long period of time; others are valueless. In the comparative tests of the germinate powers of seed hulled by hand and of seed machine hulled, it was conclusively shown that a great decrease in the proportion of hard seeds is caused by hulling them with a clover hull. Out of every 100 pounds of clover seed that went into the hulldown 90 pounds were estimated to be hard coated seeds of uncertain value. When they came from the huller, from 60 to 70 pounds of these seeds had been transformed into valuable seeds, capable of prompe germination and vigorous growth. A number of machines have been devised at different times for the purpose of scratching or abrading hard seeds, so that they will germinate readily. The possible effectiveness of the clover huller in bringing about this result has not been seriously considered. The results of investigation by the department of agriculture's seed laboratory show that the clover huller in practice really alters a large portion of the hard seeds, so that they will germinate promptly, and it is questioned of great interest whether the construction or operation of the types of hulling machines now in use could be so modified as to leave hard none of the seeds which they hull. The problem of adjustment and operation of the huller seems, then, aside from the mere hulling and cleaning of the seeds to be a matter of the maximum reduction of the hardness of the seeds with a minimum amount of breaking of the seeds. Hotel Bar moved into temporary ers in west room of or Bldg. rest of wines, liquors, ligars. Anaheim beer aught. ZIEGLER, Manager Tineless Cactus plant your acreage or lots to ce varieties of SPINELESS without any immediate cost your part, if your property and clear. for particulars, CACTUS GROWER Newport Beach, California DATE OF INDIVIDUAL— FICTITIOUS NAME OF CALIFORNIA ) ss. of Orange ) by certify that I am transactcess in the State of California, alm, Orange County, in said under a fictitious name, toge County Milling Company. my name in full is Albert Sidan. my residence is Cypress, Ornty, California. have no partner or other pervested with me in said busine—Albert Sidney Feagan. ace of resirence, Cypress, Orange County, Calif. OF CALIFORNIA ) ss. of Orange ) 21st day of June, in the thousand nine hundred and before me personally appeared Ney Feagan, known to me person whose name is subto the foregoing instrument acknowledged to me that he the same. The Good Old Summer Time Is here and so is the ORANGE COUNTY WINE COMPANY A big stock of Beers and Light Wines for this warm weather, and the heavier goods if you want them. H. P. NOLL Manager There is nothing so refreshing as a glass of Anheim Beer There is nothing so refreshing as a glass of Anaheim Beer "Once Tried, Never Denied" Delivered to all parts of the city Home 1264 Phones: Pacific 30 UNION BREWING CO. CLEAN UP! —LET THE— Anaheim Laundry Company do your laundry work and it will be done right and at RIGHT prices. South Lemon St. Both Phones