anaheim-gazette 1912-02-29

ABOUT THE PURPLE SCALE History of Pest at Work in Citrus Groves The purple scale was first made known by Newman in an account appearing in the English publication, "The Entomologist," in February, 1869. In August of the same year Packard in this country gave a brief description of the same insect, calling it Aspidiotus citricola. Newman had given it the genus name Coccus, which has since been changed, while his species' name beckii still stands. From 1870 to 1876 a few articles appeared on this insect in France and Italy Glover has the second notice of its occurrence in the United States in the United States department of agriculture Year Book for 1876. He stated that it was found on imported lemons in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1867. The description of this insect given by Packard, according to H. J. Quayle, of the horticultural epimeriment station at Berkeley, in a report just received at this office, was made simply from unpublished figures and, of course, was inadequate. The first complete description was given by Comstock in his 1880 report, but he adopted the same specific name as that given by Packard. Introduction into California.—The purple scale seems to have been introduced into California directly from Florida in 1888 or 1889. In the report of the California state board of horticulture for 1893 Alexander Craw states that "four years ago two carloads of orange trees were received in this state from Florida and planted in Los Angeles and San Diego counties without disinfection. The result is that the climate that has been preached us by importers of Florida stock as unfavorable to the development of this species of the scale has proved to be the opposite, for on a visit to the above counties loring, and a marked green spot will be seen about the scale while the rest of the surface is yellow. On account of their firm attachment to the fruit they are with great difficulty removed therefrom, so that the ordinary brushing or washing of the packing house has little effect upon them. The economic status of this scale is due largely to its resistance to such treatments as fumigation or of spraying. It is not a particularly prolific insect for the maximum number of eggs will not exceed eighty, and there are not more than three, or at most four, generations a year. It is in the egg stage that it is most resistant to fumigation. This must be largely on account of the very complete protection afforded the eggs by the secretion of the ventral scale, which together with the dorsal scale completely envelops them. The only opening is at the posterior tip where the young upon hatching emerge. It has frequently been noticed that in cases of incomplete fumigation a few eggs at the etxreme tip will be killed by the gas while the more interior and better protected ones will remain unharmed. THE CURING OF LEMONS Department of Agriculture Making Study of Subject The process of curing is a distinct and very important feature of the lemon industry. The nature of the lemon is such that in order to get it into condition required by the market it is necessary to pick it while still green and to allow it to continue its further changes while stored in the packing-house. This practice is almost universal. There are times, of course, when the fruit is picked in a riper condition, owing to peculiarities of the season which also have a tendency to ripen the fruit prematurely, or to the poor condition of the orchards, or in some casu appearance, between and a considers it is generally curing must be greatest possible temperature and humidity, but if there must be any possible in these ing houses and constructed as conditions. Even this uniformity can be guarded as desired. The curing is tents in the patents consist of usually of suffice about 600 packings or about one carton of these roo sides being lapped at the corners records drawn thends and sides raised or lowered and small pulley possible to allow the boxes or to entirely. The fruit, placing cases, is usually immediately ed. The outside boxes are sometimes er to avoid excess the consequent liable to take place proposed situations ranged side by side with sufficient each to insure air. When not sides are rolled space can be used poses if so desires. Green fruit arrangement requires days to reach a ion. The light frequently be cu- from Florida in 1893. Alexander Craw states that "four years ago two carloads of orange trees were received in this state from Florida and planted in Los Angeles and San Diego counties without disinfection. The result is that the climate that has been preached us by importers of Florida stock as unfavorable to the development of this species of the scale has proved to be the opposite, for on a visit to the above counties last summer I was shown trees completely covered with purple scale." Dr. Riley, writing in Insect Life, in 1889, states that "we have received a number of letters from California asking our opinion on the necessity for quarantine, and have replied that while there seems reason to believe, and we are inclined to believe, from the evidence at hand, that the scales mentioned will not flourish in certain parts of Southern California, like Riverside, where the heat and dryness are great, yet it will be unwise to depend too much on the limited experience of the past. We have, therefore, reiterated our convictions as to the necessity of using every precaution to prevent their introduction." At the present time the purple scale occurs in the following counties in California: San Diego, Los Angeles, Orange,, Ventura, and Santa Barbara. It does not occur, thus far at least, in the citrus sections of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Neither does it occur in Riverside or San Bernardino counties. From its distribution in the above coast counties it would appear that it thrives best in a cooler and molster climate, and in this respect it is similar to the black scale. But the fact that it does not occur in the warmer and drier locations may be due to the very rigid quarantine that has prevailed against this pest in those sections. Its present eastern limit, or distance from the coast is in the eastern part of Los Angeles county, but here the climatic conditions approach that of the still more interior sections of Redlands and Riverside, so that there are no well defined climatic zones, and therefore it is not improbable that the purple scale would establish itself in those sections. Considering the scales of the whole of the Southern California citrus district, the purple is probably entitled to rank as the third most important. Its distribution is not so general as that of either the black, red or yellow but where it does occur it is The nature of the lemon is such that in order to get it into condition required by the market it is necessary to pick it while still green and to allow it to continue its further changes while stored in the packing-house. This practice is almost universal. There are times, of course, when the fruit is picked in a riper condition, owing to peculiarities of the season which also have a tendency to ripen the fruit prematurely, or to the poor condition of the orchards, or in some cases simply to the carelessness of the grower. In an average year the fruit is picked, according to its size, about once every month. The pickers use metal rings of the exact diameter desired, and all lemons which will not slip freely through this ring are picked. A good, healthy lemon when it attains this size is as a rule still dark green in color. If allowed to remain on the tree until ripe such lemons will usually attain a size much too big for the best trade and are therefore undesirable. On the other hand a considerable percentage will ripen before they attain the picking size, in which case they are known as "tree-ripes." This class of fruit is always graded out and kept separate, as it is necessary to handle it quite differently from the green fruit. Being already fully colored and mature, it does not require curing and as a rule is shipped as soon as possible. These tree-ripe lemons constitute, as a whole, an inferior class of fruit, both as to appearance and keeping quality, and are largely consumed in near-by local markets. The term "curing", as we learn from a report just received at this office from the department of agriculture at Washington, covers primarily the process which brings about the changing of the deep-green color to the rich, waxy, lemon-yellow. Since the color of the fruit is one of its principal attributes and determines in no small measure the price the fruit will bring on the market, this phase of lemon handling is an extremely impertant one. The excellence of the color developed depends upon many different factors. The condition of the fruit when picked determines to a considerable extent the success with which the desired color can be developed. Lemons which have begun to turn yellow on one side or end will as a rule present a poorer appearance when cured than those which were uniformly green. The former have a tendency to develop a dull, brassy yellow, which is posed situations ranged side by side with sufficient air. When not sides are rolled space can be used poses if so desire. Green fruit can arrangement require days to reach ion. The light frequently be cut 30 days, especially of the year. The green to yellow usually though much smooth and acquiring the great deal sooner greener fruit. The ventilation matter which requires study in order to right amount new best results. Actually done in a moderate way, each new exertience manipulation of be guided by the air in the tent, fruit, and by extinction. A definite per temperature should obtain in far not been lax no one rule will affect conditions most districts of. The forced curcited in the less widely from the process. Briefly producing the clue green to lemon-yellow time, supposedly temperatures and humidity. Thus as nearly as my results as are obeying system, shorter time. The combination ket conditions o such a way as to this kind almost grower who would fall market, is also benefited lower prices due to the forced-cured ket. During the sucrop as a rule with a fair demi most entirely sherable fruit is k conditions approach that of the still more interior sections of Redlands and Riverside, so that there are no well defined climatic zones, and therefore it is not improbable that the purple scale would establish itself in those sections. Considering the scales of the whole of the Southern California citrus district, the purple is probably entitled to rank as the third most important. Its distribution is not so general as that of either the black, red or yellow, but where it does occur it is the most serious of them all, because it yields less readily to treatment. Where this scale occurs among others, fumigation work is directed primarily against the purple, and usually successful treatment against it readily controls the red or black scales. The purple scale infests the leaf, branch and fruit, often becoming completely incrustde upon these, but it is usually only a portion of the tree that becomes thus infested. The lower side or interior of the tree is where the insect thrives best, and here it is that the injury is most evident. We have never seen the greater part of a citrus tree actually killed by this scale, but a goodly portion of one side or the lower and interior branches are very frequently thus killed. The scale causes a maked yellowing of the leaves and there is consequently a heavy dropping so that many of the branches will be completely denudde. The injury is due directly to the feeding, as is the case with the red scale, since no honeydew is excreted. The scales on the ripening fruit often have a tendency to delay the extremely impertant one. The excellence of the color developed depends upon many different factors. The condition of the fruit when picked determines to a considerable etxent the success with which the desired color can be developed. Lemons which have begun to turn yellow on one side or end will as a rule present a poorer appearance when cured than those which were uniformly green. The former have a tendency to develop a dull, brassy yellow, which is undesirable. Although the grade of the fruit is determined by other factors, such as shape, size and texture, the color is of considerable importance. Other changes concerning especially the internal properties and characteristics of the lemon take place during curing, which result in producing fruit that may be, regarded as ready for market. When picked in the green state the rind consists of the epidermal cells and a rather thick layer of white, spongy material. The thickness of this inner layer varies greatly in individual lemons. Those which have a coarse appearance usually have a thicker layer than the smooth lemons. As the ripening process proceeds an apparent increase in the quantity of juice present is seen. This is, of course, an important matter, as the value of the lemon for most purposes depends largely on the quantity of juice available. This change is accomplished to a large extent through the curing process. Furthermore, when properly cured in the packing house, experience has shown that besides the usual advantages of the tree-ripened fruit the cured lemon has a better During the summer crop as a rule with a fair demi-most entirely shrewable fruit is kept from the winter too, is disposed of mer, so that by these are quite enough of the market by fruit that is. The market almost es stronger as t and the desire of ket as much fruit market it rapidly same time the f of an intense gr such a condition days would be re to marketable con nary curing proclion of circumst necessary to use ing fruit which r rush the crop fr he car in one o ing the brisk se mand for the fruil bulk of it is no a very short tim car. In other wo ually but a short of the retailer. One of the mo mions in connection to do with the e ANAHEIM GAZETTE appearance, better keeping quality, and a considerably thinner rind. It is generally believed that lemon curing must be conducted under the greatest possible uniformity of temperature and humidity. Opinions differ somewhat as to the most desirable temperature and percentage of humidity, but it is conceded that there must be as little fluctuation as possible in these factors. The packing houses and curing tents are so constructed as to bring about these conditions. Even in forced curing this uniformity of conditions is regarded as desirbale. The curing is conducted mainly in tents in the packing house. These tents consist of rectangular rooms usually of sufficient size to hold about 600 packing cases of loose fruit or about one carload. The sides and tops of these rooms are of canvas, the sides being lapped over one another at the corners and fastened with cords drawn through hooks. Both ends and sides of the tent can be raised or lowered by means of cords and small pulleys. In this way it is possible to allow air to circulate in the boxes or to shut it out almost entirely. The fruit, placed loosely in packing cases, is stacked in these tents, usually immediately after it is washed. The outside stacks and the top boxes are sometimes lined with paper to avoid excessive evaporation and the consequent wilting of the fruit liable to take place in these more exposed situations. The tents are arranged side by side in long rows with sufficient open space around each to insure a free circulation of air. When not in use the canvas-sides are rolled up, and the floor space can be utilized for other purposes if so desired. Green fruit cured under this arrangement requires from 30 to 60 days to reach a marketable condition. The light green material can frequently be cured in less time than tics of the fruit produced by the forced process. If the success of the treatment is judged by the yellow color produced it may be regarded as a satisfactory process, since by careful manipulation it is possible to develop a color which is equal and in some cases superior to that developed by the ordinary curing process. In using a lemon the thickness of the rind is frequently an important matter to the consumer. If used sliced the lemon with a thick rind is equal or even superior to the fruit with a thin rind, but when used as a source of juice the thinner skinned type has the preference. It would be expected that in the longer process of curing, evaporation of water from the lemon would take place slowly but steadily, with the result that the rind would shrink in thickness and the dimensions of the lemon become reduced. In the sweated lemon the brief time involved and the high degree of humidity maintained would not permit evaporation to take place sufficiently to reduce greatly the thickness of the skin. Consequently the juice can not be as easily squeezed from the sweated as from the cured fruit. SEVEN BILLIONS IN BABIES That is the Value of Our Last Year's Crop of Tootsies Appraising the crop of babies in the United States, Prof. Irving Fisher, professor of political economy at Yale College, has ventured into a new and untrod field of statistics. He has declared the cash value of last year's baby crop to be not less than $7,000,000,000. Many parents will query these figures, as it is certain that some of the individual babies (among the 2,500,000 babies, more or less that came into the world in this country last year) could not be bought from their parents, any one of them, for anything like that sum. is that at the corner of First and Sullivan the automobile was stopped and the fight begun in the light of the lamps. Litten got the worst of the fracas, though Ramsey did not go unpunished. Litten was unable to be present in court. Ramsey was there and pleaded guilty to fighting. He said Litten owed him some money and would not pay, and they agreed to fight it out. The judge then financed Ramsey $15, which he paid. MONEY IN TREASURY State Funds Reach Record Mark, Count Shows Sacramento, Feb. 29.—The state treasury was richer yesterday than it has ever been on any given day in its past history. By the count taken by Secretary P. J. Tehaney for the state board of control the state's cash, bank deposits and certificates amounted to the sum of $14,281,409.11. Of this amount $8,600,640 constitutes bank deposits, drawing an annual aggregate interest of approximately $150,000. Gold, silver and currency on deposit amounted to $4,574,445.60. This is the high water mark in both bank deposits and cash on hand. The value of school certificates in the state treasury was $503,054. TALKING GOOD ROADS Delegates Meet Highway Commission at Sacarimento Sacramento, Feb. 29.—Five good roads delegations, representing a number of counties in the central part of the state, yesterday appeared before the state highway commission at the first of a two days hearing held to give opportunity for expression of claims and views regarding proposed parts of the $18,000,000 highway project. Although no action was taken Commissioners Burton A. Towne, C. D. Blaney and N. D. Darlington stated that while the commission would Green fruit cured under this arrangement requires from 30 to 60 days to reach a marketable condition. The light green material can frequently be cured in less time than 30 days, especially at certain seasons of the year. The color change from green to yellow takes place very gradually, though not always uniformly, the smooth and lighter colored fruit acquiring the rich lemon yellow a great deal sooner than the coarse or greener fruit. The ventilation of the fruit is a matter which requires very thorough study in order to determine just the right amount necessary to obtain the best results. At present it is largely done in a more or less unsystematic way, each man relying upon his own experience with regard to the manipulation of his tents. One must be guided by the condition of the air in the tent, the condition of the fruit, and by external weather condition. A definite rule as to the proper temperature and humidity which should obtain in the tents has thus far not been laid down. Doubtless no one rule will be practicable for all the conditions met with in the different districts of the citrus region. The forced curing process as practiced in the lemon industry differs widely from the ordinary curing process. Briefly stated, it consists in producing the change in color from green to lemon-yellow in a very short time, supposedly by the use of high temperatures and a high percentage of humidity. The object is to secure as nearly as may be the same results as are obtained by the tent-curing system, but in a very much shorter time. The combination of crop and market conditions operate together in such a way as to make a practice of this kind almost indispensable to the grower who would get the benefit of the fall market, while the consumer is also benefited by the relatively lower prices due to the presence of the forced-cured lemons on the market. During the summer months the crop as a rule is rather light, and with a fair demand the fruit is almost entirely shipped out. Considerable fruit is kept over in storage. He has declared the cash value of last year's baby crop to be not less than $7,000,000,000. Many parents will query these figures, as it is certain that some of the individual babies (among the 2,500,000 babies more or less that came into the world in this country last year) could not be bought from their parents, any one of them, for anything like that sum. Prof. Fisher is a New Yorker, 45 years old. He is a minister's son and a graduate of Yale. He studied in Berlin and Paris and married Margaret Hazard, the sister of President Caroline Hazard of Wellesley and daughter of Rowland Hazard, the influential Rhode Island cotton manufacturer. Dr. Fisher has taught at Yale for over twenty years and edited the Yale Review nearly as long. Incidentally, he has written a half dozen important textbooks and concerned in active sociological movements. He is a member, most appropriately, of Roosevelt's national conservation commission, and served as chairman of the committee of One Hundred formed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science to advocate establishing a national department of health. He is active, too, in the movement for a national child bureau, for he declares the value of a baby as a national asset was never so great as now. This is due to the introduction of machinery and of steam and electricity, which caused human potentiality to rise correspondingly and immensely. Thus the infant mortality problem. In Dr. Fisher's view, is an economic question. He points out that it is not only the poor and neglected child that dies early, but many children die because their parents love them too much—or not wisely. Children are too often allowed to follow their own sweet wills in regard to diet and everything else pertaining to them. Intelligent care is often lacking in the homse of the well-to-do as in the less fortunate homes. Many children he says are coddled to death. The matter is thus one to be taken up by the government and by the state, for the census bureau has shown that the annual loss of babies (5 years old or less) that could have been saved with proper care reaches 200,000. And Dr. Fisher says that means a gross loss to the nation of $580,000,000. Sacramento, Feb. 29.—Five good roads delegations, representing a number of counties in the central part of the state, yesterday appeared before the state highway commission at the first of a two days hearing held to give opportunity for expression of claims and views regarding proposed parts of the $18,000,000 highway project. Although no action was taken Commissioners Burton A. Towne, C. D. Blaney and N. D. Darlington stated that while the commission would try to give due attention to local claims for inclusion in the plan, the commission will consider no roads that do not constitute necessary parts of the general system for the benefit of the entire state. W. E. Cooper A. Shriner THE NATIONAL MARKET No. 107 W. Center St. COOPER & SHRINER, Proprietors The Best of Beef, Mutton and Pork, Sausage, Ham, Bacon and Lard. The patronage of the public is respectfully solicited. Boston Bakery and Confectionery STEPHEN KISTLER, Proprietor Fresh Bread, Cakes and Pies daily. Chrisopher's Chocolates and Bonbons always fresh, on hand. E. Center st., opposite City Hall Anaheim Bakery Peter Syre, prop. Fresh Bread Cakes and Pies Confectionery, Etc. Wedding Cakes a Specialty Los Angeles and Express Sts. Finest of Wines, Liquors and Cigars, at Roman Wisser's Favorite - Saloon Schlitz Beer on Draught such a way as to make a practice of this kind almost indispensable to the grower who would get the benefit of the fall market, while the consumer is also benefited by the relatively lower prices due to the presence of the forced-cured lemons on the market. During the summer months the crop as a rule is rather light, and with a fair demand the fruit is almost entirely shipped out. Considerable fruit is kept over in storage from the winter months, but this too, is disposed of during the summer, so that by fall the packing houses are quite empty and the demands of the market must be supplied by fruit that is just being picked. The market almost invariably becomes stronger as the season advances, and the desire of the grower to market as much fruit as possible and to market it rapidly is natural. At the same time the fruit when picked is of an intense green color and is in such a condition that from 40 to 60 days would be required to get it into marketable condition by the ordinary curing process. This combination of circumstances has made it necessary to use a method of coloring fruit which makes it possible to rush the crop from the orchard to the car in one or two weeks. During the brisk season, when the demand for the fruit is good, the great bulk of it is no doubt consumed in a very short time after it leaves the car. In other words, the fruit is usually but a short time in the hands of the retailer. One of the most important questions in connection with this study has to do with the essential characteris- FIGHT BY AUTOLIGHT Santa Ana Men Scrap Over Money Matters A fisticuff party by automobile lamplight at the corner of First and Sullivan street at Santa Ana on Monday night got six young men into trouble. E. C. Ramsey and Ernest Litten were the participants in the fight, and the four men accused of having been parties to it by reason of their presence are C. W. Charles, T. L. Ahlf, Charles Bennett, and C. M. Allen. Constables Heard and Jackson got wise to the fact that the fight was on. They saw them hire Bennett's automobile, and saw them ride out west. The constables scurried around and got an automobile and followed. Nothing certain of the location of the scene of battle, they lost a little time in locating it, and when the lights of their automobile were turned onto Sullivan street, Santa Ana, the battle party jumped in the car. went south to Edinger street, and then back to town, with the officers close behind. The information the officers have Are You After Business? If you are call at the "GAZETTE" office and let our advertising man tell you how to get it. He has something of interest to tell you—something that means dollars and cents to you. Do you know that every tradesman who has made a success in business credits it directly to advertising? If others have been successful by using a liberal quantity of printer's ink, why not try it yourself. Come and talk it over, or phone and our representative will call. The "Gazette" The Paper With the Big Circulation. 'Nuff sed Feb. 29. Five good ons, representing a num s in the central part yesterday appeared behighway commission at two days hearing held unity for expression of news regarding proposed 18,000,000 highway prono action was taken Burton A. Towne, C. N. D. Darlington stathe commission would due attention to local inusion in the plan, the will consider no roads constitute necessary general system for the entire state. The "Gazette" The Paper With the Big Circulation. 'Nuff sed Commencing Apr. 1, 1911 The price of "Anaheim Bottled Beer" will be as follows: ONE DOZ. LARGE $1.40 ONE DOZ. SMALL $1.00 BOTTLES RETURNED One Dozen Large 40 Cents One Dozen Small 30 Cents Union Brewing Co, ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA NEW PRESSES NEW TYPE and the BEST Printers that money can hire. Work that pleases Who does Your printing? INTERIOR FINISH We furnish the finest interior finish promptly. Slash Grain Oregon Pine Finish fresh run and mill sanded. Also Kiln Dried Flooring and Ceiling. We Have Pattern Books which contain the latest ideas. Get our figures when you contemplate building. GIBBS LUMBER CO. ANAHEIM, FULLERTON PLACENTIA. ANAHEIM Cigar Factory ARNOLD & SON, Props. West Center St., Anaheim. Manufacturers of The Anaheim Eagle and Rosebud Cigars. We make a Specialty of Private Box Trade. For First-Class Fumigating You should get a man who knows how. I have had the experience and can deliver the goods. H.J. Westerman North Olive Street, ANAHEIM CALIFORNIA