anaheim-gazette 1910-11-17

FARMERS' COOPERATION Demonstrations Practical Object Lessons to Farming Masses The aim of the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work is to place a practical object lesson before the farm masses, illustrating the best and most profitable methods of producing the standard farm crops, and to secure such active participation in the demonstrations as to prove that the farmers can make a much larger average annual crop and secure a greater return for their toll. This work shows also that there is no necessity for the general deterioration of farms and the too common poverty of the rural masses. Briefly stated, the salient features of the rural lessons given by the farm demonstration work are as follows: Better drainage of the soil. A deeper and more thoroughly pulverized seed bed; deep fall breaking (plowing) with implements that will not bring the subsoil to the surface. The use of seed of the best variety, intelligently selected and carefully stored. In cultivated crops, giving the rows and the plants in the rows a space suited to the plant, the soil, and the climate. Intensive tillage during the growing period of the crops. The importance of a high content of humus in the soil; the use of legumes, barnyard manure, farm refuse and commercial fertilizers. The value of crop rotation and a winter cover crop on southern farms. The accomplishing of more work in a day by each laborer by using more horsepower and better implements. The importance of increasing the farm stock to the extent of utilizing all the waste products and idle lands of the farm. The instruction given for the first year mainly refers to the method of making a larger and more profitable crop at a reduced cost of production and consists of four lessons, called "the primary lessons:" 1—The best seed bed and how to make it; 2—The best seed of its variety and how to obtain it; 3—Frequent and mainly shallow cultivation of the crop—how and why; 4—The use of better teams and tools to secure more economic production. The principal defects in the seed bed for farm crops in the south are shallow breaking(plowing) failure to fully pulverize the soil before planting, insufficient humus in the soil, and defective drainage. Such a seed bed cannot produce maximum crops. It carries insufficient moisture for periods of drought and has an excess under heavy precipitation. During most of the period of growth plants are insufficiently nourished, either from inability to obtain sufficient food through lack of moisture or a too diluted nourishment through excess of moisture. The result is a small crop. The simple remedy is deeper breaking in the fall, thorough use of disc and harrow, plowing under of green crops at frequent periods, and an improvement of the drainage by ditches or tiles. One cause of the general shallow breaking in the southern states is the single mule used on many farms and the light mules where they are used double. The introduction of the disk plow, enables a man to do nine times the work in a day of the man with the single mule referred to,and do it easier. The one man with one mule is expected to break an acre a day 3 inches deep; one man with a disk plow and four large mules will average 3 acres a day 9 inches deep on rather stiff soil and do a better job. If only one organization farms are established, the work does not enough to arouse production and produce at once in its favor. As soon as the process above explained, hardened and tested by an ordinary series is completed— 1. Demonstrations and enriching the soil legumes and winter ores involve simple crop turning under of green prevention of soil wastage. 2. The value and management and how to apply them. 3. Simple methods age. The third series offers better pastures and how to secure them; omic grain crops for to produce flesh as the pasture and meadow line of instruction is cause the economic farm crops depends upon an economical work team. The general method small farmers of these depend mainly upon corn. Some had pasture. This expensive and causes a number of animals keep the smallest number corresponding substitute bor. Modern methods require considerable input number and strength suitable farming has been implemented problem proved pasture and can furnish foods of great are sufficiently nutritious dietary support of work. The importance of a high content of humus in the soil; the use of legumes, barnyard manure, farm refuse and commercial fertilizers. The value of crop rotation and a winter cover crop on southern farms. The accomplishing of more work in a day by each laborer by using more horsepower and better implements. The importance of increasing the farm stock to the extent of utilizing all the waste products and idle lands of the farm. The production of all food required for the men and animals on the farm. The keeping of an account with each farm product, in order to know from which the gain or loss arises. The Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work is conducted by a special agent in charge, who reports directly to the Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry. There are five general assistants and a full office force, also a corps of field agents is employed, classified according to territory in charge, as state, district, and county agents. These agents are selected with special reference to thorough knowledge of improved agriculture and practical experience in farming in the section to which appointed. The county agents are appointed mainly on the advice of local committees of prominent men and farmers conversant with the territory to be worked. Each agent has in charge the practical work in one or more counties, strictly under such general directions as may be issued from the central office at Washington, D.C. District agents are expected to have not only a knowledge of scientific agriculture, but to be practical farmers and to have had considerable experience in the demonstration work. State agents are strong and capable men, who have shown their ability to carry out successfully the instructions of the central office over a large territory, and they are especially qualified for the work by the possession of the tact necessary to influence men. The term "demonstration farm" is used to designate a portion of land on a farm that is worked strictly according to our instructions. This is visited by an agent as often as once a month, if possible, to see that these instructions are carried out and to give any further advice necessary. A "cooperator" is a farmer who agrees to work a part or all of his crop according to our instructions. The Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work now covers portions of 12 states, employs 375 traveling agents, has many thousand demonstrations. In the practical application of these instructions it has been found that the best seed bed added 100 per cent to the average crop on similar land with an average preparation; planting the best seed made a gain of 50 per cent and shallow, frequent cultivation was equal to another 50 per cent, making a total gain of 200 per cent or a crop three times the average. With better teams and implements this greater crop is made at less cost an acre. The profit increases faster than the yield. If the net profits on a crop of corn yielding 20 bushels an acre, valued at 75 cents a bushel, be $3, on a crop of 60 bushels the net profit would be $33 an acre; that is, the profit is tenfold where the grain in yield is threefold. It generally requires from two to three years to thoroughly impress the farmer that this lesson of making a greater yield per acre is a practical method of farming applicable to his entire farm. The first year he rarely carries out the entire plan. He has not quite faith enough, or possibly breaking in the southern states is the sing'e mule used on many farms and the light mules where they are used double. The introduction of the disk plow, enables a man to do nine times the work in a day of the man with the single mule referred to,and do it easier. The one man with one mule is expected to break an acre a day 3 inches deep; one man with a disk plow and four large mules will average 3 acres a day 9 inches deep on rather stiff soil and do a better job. Prior to the commencement of the demonstration work the average farmer in the south gave little attention to seed selection. Corn was culled in the spring from the crib and cotton from the gin-run pile and planted with out testing. The result was a poor stand—a condition that can rarely be remedied. The demonstration work requires seed of a known type, carefully selected, graded, and stored for the first year's planting, and for each succeeding year the planting of a small field remote from any grain crop of the same type; this seed patch to be specially prepared, fertilized, and planted with the seed selected in the field the previous fall when the grain was ripe and afterwards stored in a dry place. Great use is made of the section harrow before and after planting and when the plants are quite small. Cultivation of cotton or corn in rows is at first deep, but shallow and frequent after the plants are 10 inches tall. This conserves the moisture. In the practical application of these instructions it has been found that the best seed bed added 100 per cent to the average crop on similar land with an average preparation; planting the best seed made a gain of 50 per cent and shallow, frequent cultivation was equal to another 50 per cent, making a total gain of 200 per cent or a crop three times the average. With better teams and implements this greater crop is made at less cost an acre. The profit increases faster than the yield. If the net profits on a crop of corn yielding 20 bushels an acre, valued at 75 cents a bushel, be $3, on a crop of 60 bushels the net profit would be $33 an acre; that is, the profit is tenfold where the grain in yield is threefold. It generally requires from two to three years to thoroughly impress the farmer that this lesson of making a greater yield per acre is a practical method of farming applicable to his entire farm. The first year he rarely carries out the entire plan. He has not quite faith enough, or possibly breaking in the southern states is the sing'e mule used on many farms and the light mules where they are used double. The introduction of the disk plow, enables a man to do nine times the work in a day of the man with the single mule referred to,and do it easier. The one man with one mule is expected to break an acre a day 3 inches deep; one man with a disk plow and four large mules will average 3 acres a day 9 inches deep on rather stiff soil and do a better job. Prior to the commencement of the demonstration work the average farmer in the south gave little attention to seed selection. Corn was culled in the spring from the crib and cotton from the gin-run pile and planted with out testing. The result was a poor stand—a condition that can rarely be remedied. The demonstration work requires seed of a known type, carefully selected, graded, and stored for the first year's planting, and for each succeeding year the planting of a small field remote from any grain crop of the same type; this seed patch to be specially prepared, fertilized, and planted with the seed selected in the field the previous fall when the grain was ripe and afterwards stored in a dry place. Great use is made of the section harrow before and after planting and when the plants are quite small. Cultivation of cotton or corn in rows is at first deep, but shallow and frequent after the plants are 10 inches tall. This conserves the moisture. In the practical application of these instructions it has been found that the best seed bed added 100 per cent to the average crop on similar land with an average preparation; planting the best seed made a gain of 50 per cent and shallow, frequent cultivation was equal to another 50 per cent, making a total gain of 200 per cent or a crop three times the average. With better teams and implements this greater crop is made at less cost an acre. The profit increases faster than the yield. If the net profits on a crop of corn yielding 20 bushels an acre, valued at 75 cents a bushel, be $3, on a crop of 60 bushels the net profit would be $33 an acre; that is, the profit is tenfold where the grain in yield is threefold. Such is the isolated:the average farmer thus tinue for years to believe best seed of the several produces unless he is direct comparison and with other farmers—or exhibition where pri awarded and only they are brought, but in all of what the farmers ee without any assorting.in in first congression North Carolina were sesemble in March, 190 points and each bring off of the seed corn they plant. These ears were long table in the pu owner's name being coached to each pile.were present to select corn was brought tha than 45 per cent off fhe close ofthe meeting centofthe corn sample socks feed and was rechasing a better variety. One ofthe greatest used to designate a portion of land on a farm that is worked strictly according to our instructions. This is visited by an agent as often as once a month, if possible, to see that these instructions are carried out and to give any further advice necessary. A "cooperator" is a farmer who agrees to work a part or all of his crop according to our instructions. The Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work now covers portions of 12 states, employs 375 traveling agents, has many thousand demonstration farms, and potentially influences through boys' corn clubs, fieldschools and cooperators, a much larger number than are classed as demonstrators. At present it has close cooperation with six agricultural colleges and a large number of rural schools, assisting the latter to make field demonstrations. It also cooperates with state and county superintendents of public instruction in demonstrations for the boy's corn clubs. This work is supported by congressional appropriation, by liberal contributions from the general education board, by county aid, and by donations from boards of trade and private individuals. The demonstration work may be regarded as a system of adult education given to the farmer upon his farm by means of object lessons in the soil, prepared under his observation and generally by his own hand. The teaching by object lessons is more effective where it is simple, direct, and limited to a few common field crops, such as cotton, corn, cowpeas, and oats in the south, so that the comparisons may be evident and accepted at a glance. If general success can be secured with these standard crops, further diversification follows as a natural result. It generally requires from two to three years to thoroughly impress the farmer that this lesson of making a greater yield per acre is a practical method of farming applicable to his entire farm. The first year he rarely carries out the entire plan. He has not quite faith enough, or possibly the season is adverse, but he generally succeeds so much better than he expected that the second year's trial is more thorough, with a correspondingly increased gain. The farmer is a natural doubter. When he has harvested the larger crop the second year, he is frequently inclined to attribute it to one thing, generally the seed, because this is most in evidence, instead of distributing the credit between the better seed bed, the better seed, and the intensive cultivation. Frequently his neighbors, full of the one-idea merit, offer $5 a bushel for the seed, thinking that the seed alone will make the crop. The third year the demonstration farmer is generally more of a convert and enlarges his trial area, frequently including his entire farm. In the meantime his neighbors have been observing and have commenced to inquire and follow his example. It requires from three to five years to have the increased yield show a considerable average gain in the local markets. This depends, however, somewhat upon the number of demonstrations established in a county. Where one can be placed in each neighborhood the progress is rapid, because the interest soon becomes in corn yielding 20 bushels an acre, valued at 75 cents a bushel, be $3, on a crop of 60 bushels the net profit would be $33 an acre; that is, the profit is tenfold where the grain in yield is threefold. It generally requires from two to three years to thoroughly impress the farmer that this lesson of making a greater yield per acre is a practical method of farming applicable to his entire farm. The first year he rarely carries out the entire plan. He has not quite faith enough, or possibly the season is adverse, but he generally succeeds so much better than he expected that the second year's trial is more thorough, with a correspondingly increased gain. The farmer is a natural doubter. When he has harvested the larger crop the second year, he is frequently inclined to attribute it to one thing, generally the seed, because this is most in evidence, instead of distributing the credit between the better seed bed, the better seed, and the intensive cultivation. Frequently his neighbors, full of the one-idea merit, offer $5 a bushel for the seed, thinking that the seed alone will make the crop. The third year the demonstration farmer is generally more of a convert and enlarges his trial area, frequently including his entire farm. In the meantime his neighbors have been observing and have commenced to inquire and follow his example. It requires from three to five years to have the increased yield show a considerable average gain in the local markets. This depends, however, somewhat upon the number of demonstrations established in a county. Where one can be placed in each neighborhood the progress is rapid, because the interest soon becomes in corn yielding 20 bushels an acre, valued at 75 cents a bushel, be $3, on a crop of 60 bushels the net profit would be $33 an acre; that is, the profit is tenfold where the grain in yield is threefold. It generally requires from two to three years to thoroughly impress the farmer that this lesson of making a greater yield per acre is a practical method of farming applicable to his entire farm. The first year he rarely carries out the entire plan. He has not quite faith enough, or possibly the season is adverse, but he generally succeeds so much better than he expected that the second year's trial is more thorough, with a correspondingly increased gain. The farmer is a natural doubter. When he has harvested the larger crop the second year, he is frequently inclined to attribute it to one thing, generally the seed, because this is most in evidence, instead of distributing the credit between the better seed bed, the better seed, and the intensive cultivation. Frequently his neighbors, full of the one-idea merit, offer $5 a bushel for the seed, thinking that the seed alone will make the crop. The third year the demonstration farmer is generally more of a convert and enlarges his trial area, frequently including his entire farm. In the meantime his neighbors have been observing and have commenced to inquire and follow his example. It requires from three to five years to have the increased yield show a considerable average gain in the local markets. This depends, however, somewhat upon the number of demonstrations established in a county. Where one can be placed in each neighborhood the progress is rapid, because the interest soon becomes in corn yielding 20 bushels an acre, valued at 75 cents a bushel, be $3, on a crop of 60 bushels the net profit would be $33 an acre; that is, the profit is tenfold where the grain in yield is threefold. It generally requires from two to three years to thoroughly impress the farmer that this lesson of making a greater yield per acre is a practical method of farming applicable to his entire farm. The first year he rarely carries out the entire plan. He has not quite faith enough, or possibly the season is adverse, but he generally succeeds so much better than he expected that the second year's trial is more thorough, with a correspondingly increased gain. The farmer is a natural doubter. When he has harvested the larger crop the second year, he is frequently inclined to attribute it to one thing, generally the seed, because this is most in evidence, instead of distributing the credit between the better seed bed, the better seed, and the intensive cultivation. Frequently his neighbors, full of the one-idea merit, offer $5 a bushel for the seed, thinking that the seed alone will make the crop. The third year the demonstration farmer is generally more of a convert and enlarges his trial area, frequently including his entire farm. In the meantime his neighbors have been observing and have commenced to inquire and follow his example. It requires from three to five years to have the increased yield show a considerable average gain in the local markets. This depends, however, somewhat upon the number of demonstrations established in a county. Where one can be placed in each neighborhood the progress is rapid, because the interest soon becomes in corn yielding 20 bushels an acre, valued at 75 cents a bushel, be $3, on a crop of 60 bushels the net profit would be $33 an acre; that is, the profit is tenfold where the grain in yield is threefold. It generally requires from two to three years to thoroughly impress the farmer that this lesson of making a greater yield per acre is a practical method of farming applicable to his entire farm. The first year he rarely carries out the entire plan. He has not quite faith enough, or possibly the season is adverse, but he generally succeeds so much better than he expected that the second year's trial is more thorough, with a correspondingly increased gain. The farmer is a natural doubter. When he has harvested the larger crop the second year, he is frequently inclined to attribute it to one thing, generally the seed because this is most in evidence, instead of distributing the credit between the better seed bed, the better seed, and the intensive cultivation. Frequently his neighbors, full of the one-idea merit, offer $5 a bushel for the seed thinking that the seed alone will make the crop. The third yearthe demonstration farmer is generally more of a convert and enlarges his trial area,frequently including his entire farm.Inthe meantimehis neighbors have been observing and have commenced to inquire and follow his example. It requires from three to five years to havethe increased yieldshowa considerable average gaininthelocalmarkets.这dependshowever,somewhatuponthenumberofdemonstrationsestablishedinacounty.Wherethemeanbethasobservedinandhavecommencedtoinquireandfollowhisexample. 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If only one or two demonstrations farms are established in a county, the work does not create interest enough to arouse public sentiment and produce at once a strong opinion in its favor. As soon as the primary lessons, as above explained, have been accepted and tested by a farmer, a secondary series is commenced, which includes— 1. Demonstrations in conserving and enriching the soil by the use of legumes and winter cover crops. These involve simple crop rotation and the turning under of green crops; also the prevention of soil waste by erosion. 2. The value and uses of barnyard manures and commercial fertilizers, and how to apply them. 3. Simple methods of farm drainage. The third series of lessons relates to better pastures and meadows and how to secure them; the most economic grain crops for work animals or to produce flesh as a supplement to the pasture and meadow grasses. This line of instruction is necessary, because the economic production of farm crops depends in a great measure upon an economic support of the work teams. The general methods among the small farmers of the south was to depend mainly upon corn fodder and corn. Some had pastures, but rarely a good pasture. This method is expensive and causes a reduction in the number of animals kept for work to the smallest number possible and a corresponding substitution of hand labor. Modern methods of farming require considerable increase in the number and strength of teams. Profitable farming has become a team and implement problem. The improved pasture and cover-cured hay furnish foods of great economy and are sufficiently nutritious for the ordinary support of work stock. For boys agree to observe); the respective parents furnish land, teams and implements; the merchants and bankers provide the prizes, and the local papers give the publicity. Each boy must personally work 1 acre under the same regulations governing all other contestants. The result of 300 to 400 boys entering such a contest in a county arouses intense interest. The boy learns the best way to raise corn or cotton and his appreciation of the farm is greatly enhanced. In 1909 the boys in the corn contest of one county in Mississippi averaged a production of 74 bushels of corn per acre, while the farmers averaged less than 20. In South Carolina one boy raised 152 1-2 bushels on a measured acre, while the state average was less than 16. In addition to the demonstrations made to teach the best methods of securing the largest yields of field crops with the greatest economy, incidentally there is much instruction along the lines of rural improvement, the better home, its equipment and environment, the county roads, the school at the crossroads, rural society, etc. The average farmer takes it for granted that an agent of the department of agriculture is an authority upon all lines of husbandry, and innumerable inquiries are made of him about the dairy, the breeding and management of farm stock, horticulture, market gardening, insect pests, etc. All this incidental teaching is done without demonstration by referring the inquirers to the several bureaus in the United States department of agriculture, or request is made that bulletins covering the subject of inquiry be forwarded to them by mail. In still another way the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work is helpful. The many scientific divisions of the bureau of plant industry are annually making discoveries of and ocular demonstrations. This is the mission of the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work, and it has justified its claims by the results. It is noteworthy that the sciences adopted the demonstration method of instruction long since. The chemist and the physicist require their students to work out the problems in the laboratory, the doctor and surgeon must practice in the hospital, and the mechanical engineer must show eficiency in the shop to complete his education. The Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work seeks to apply the same scientific methods to farmers by requiring them to work out their problems in the soil and obtain the answer in the crib. The soil is the farmers' laboratory. The demonstration method of reaching and influencing the men on the farms is destined ultimately to be adopted by most civilized nations as a part of a great system of rural education. HEROES IN COMMON LIFE No Need for Us to Go Back to Marathon and Thermopylae We need not go back to ancient days nor read of Marathon and Thermopylae to call a muster roll of heroes. The daily papers furnish stories of heroism which stir the blood and lift us above the commonplaces of the sordid days into a purer atmosphere. Two young girls, classmates and dear friends, lost their lives by drowning at Wellesley, Mass., one summer day lately. One ventured beyond her depth; the other who could swim a little, forgot her own safety and struck out to save her friend.Both perished, but the one who tried to save the other was as much a heroine as if she had succeeded. A fire occurred one July day in a tenement in Brooklyn. James McGrath, a fireman climbed to the height a good pasture. This method is expensive and causes a reduction in the number of animals kept for work to the smallest number possible and a corresponding substitution of hand labor. Modern methods of farming require considerable increase in the number and strength of teams. Profitable farming has become a team and implement problem. The improved pasture and cover-cured hay furnish foods of great economy and are sufficiently nutritious for the ordinary support of work stock. For heavy work a small addition of grain to the ration is required. If it be necessary in the interests of economy to produce upon the farm the food for the work animals it is still more important to produce, as far as possible, the food required by all the laborers and their families. The family garden, the poultry, and the cow are great cash economizers and pocketbook conservers and may be classed with the better teams and tools as essential to better farm equipment. A very valuable method of instruction introduced by the demonstration work is the field school. Previous to the time the local agent of the work expects to visit a demonstrator he notifies all the cooperators in the vicinity to meet him there on a certain date at a given hour. Thus, a number of good farmers discuss the methods and, by comparison, place a value upon the work done. The same method is employed in the selection of seed corn. Such is the isolated situation of the average farmer that he may continue for years to believe he has the best seed of the several crops he produces unless he is brought into direct comparison and competition with other farmers—not in a fair or exhibition where prizes are to be awarded and only the best specimens are brought, but in a mere exhibit of what the farmers expect to plant without any assorting. The farmers in the first congressional district in North Carolina were invited to assemble in March, 1909, at central points and each bring about 50 ears of the seed corn they expected to plant. These ears were arranged on a long table in the public square, the owner's name being conspicuously attached to each pile. Expert judges were present to select and test. Some corn was brought that tested less than 45 per cent of fertile grains. At the close of the meeting over 90 per cent of the corn samples went for sock feed and was replaced by purchasing a better variety or quality. One of the greatest problems he market gardening, insect pests, etc. All this incidental teaching is done without demonstration by referring the inquirers to the several bureaus in the United States department of agriculture, or request is made that bulletins covering the subject of inquiry be forwarded to them by mail. In still another way the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work is helpful. The many scientific divisions of the bureau of plant industry are annually making discoveries of great value, and the problem has been how to get these to the farmers in a way so effective that they will adopt them. A bulletin does not do this with the average farmer. The agents of the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work can place these improvements or discoveries in the hands of men who will utilize them to advantage because these agents are in touch with all the people. Thus the demonstration work is a means of disseminating information for all the bureaus of the department that are close to rural life. In the southern states, where there are some white and many negro farmers who can not read, there is liable to sweep over a section a wave of depression amounting to a doubt about making a crop, which may also cause a perceptible reduction in the acreage planted if the depression is felt prior to planting, or if later it may reduce the tillage of the crop or may result in its total abandonment. Nor is this wave of pessimism confined to the unlettered. Where crops are made on the advance system it may take such a hold of the merchant and the banker that they refuse to make the necessary advances, which forces the laborer and the tenant farmer to remove to territory where the advances can be obtained. In Harrison county, Tex., in 1907, about 500 tenants and laborers were all preparing to abandon the farms after the cotton crop was up, through fear that they could not succeed in making it. The same cause enormously reduced the cotton acreage in Louisiana and Mississippi in 1909. The agents of the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work have been exceedingly influential in restoring and maintaining confidence among all the classes. The Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work may be regarded as a method of increasing farm crops and as logically the first step toward a true uplift, or it may be considered a system of rural education for boys and adults by which a readjustment of country life may be effected and the sordid days into a purer atmosphere. Two young girls, classmates and dear friends, lost their lives by drowning at Wellesley, Mass., one summer day lately. One ventured beyond her depth; the other who could swim a little, forgot her own safety and struck out to save her friend.Both perished, but the one who tried to save the other was as much a heroine as if she had succeeded. A fire occurred one July day in a tenement in Brooklyn. James McGrath, a fireman, climbed to the height of four stories, walked on a narrow ledge through the heat and smoke, and with incredible courage in the face of terrific danger, saved an old man who was ill and unable to help himself from impending death. The crowd on the sidewalk called to McGrath to come back, but he passed forward and rescued the man, counting not his own life dearer. Both were saved. A woman in great peril, caught upon a Ferris wheel and suspended between earth and sky, was rescued the other day from her plight by a workingman named John Carroll. He had a crippled left hand, but managed, not withstanding this, to reach the woman and drag her into safety.The man who sees what to do and does it with quick presence of mind and with complete unconsciousness of self is the modern hero. He may be a policeman, an engineer, a telegraph operator, a coast guard, a signal service man, or anybody unknown to fame, but the stuff of which heroes are made is in him. TELEPHONES IN TRAIN SERVICE Supplanting the telegraph, which was considered the standard for handling train movements for a great many years, the Southern Pacific has joined the ranks of railroads now using the telephone for dispatching its trains. Telephonic apparatus is now in operation over the Shasta division, with a total of 291 miles of circuits. Copper wire of extreme weight and especially drawn for service in a mountainous region is being used. The telephone circuit during sixteen hours out of twenty-four is cut into two sections, and during the third "trick" the entire circuit is operated by one dispatcher. This circuit covers a 206 mile section of the main line between Ashland, Oregon, and Red Bluff, California, and a branch of 95 miles from Weed, California, to Klamma Falls, Oregon. The dispatcher is located at Dunsmuir, California, which is 98 miles from Red Bluff, the southern terminal of points and each bring about 50 ears of the seed corn they expected to plant. These ears were arranged on a long table in the public square, the owner's name being conspicuously attached to each pile. Expert judges were present to select and test. Some corn was brought that tested less than 45 per cent of fertile grains. At the close of the meeting over 90 per cent of the corn samples went for 'sock feed' and was replaced by purchasing a better variety or quality. One of the greatest problems before the American people has been how to interest in rural life and attach to the farm the young man who has acquired a liberal education and displayed a capacity for leadership. The loss of rural leaders by emigration to the city has been one of the most serious retrogressive factors in our whole civilization. The Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work has solved the problem. These young men left the farm because they were repelled by the hardships, excessive toll, and meager gains on the farm and were allured by a seemingly greater opportunity to acquire wealth, influence, and position in the city. The demonstration work undertakes to create in the schoolboy a love of the farm and a new hope by showing the wonderful possibilities of the soil when properly managed and the ease with which wealth and distinction are achieved in rural life when science and art join hands. This is worked out by the cooperation of the demonstration workers, the county superintendent of public instruction and the rural teachers. The superintendent and teachers organize the schoolboys over 10 years of age into clubs; the demonstration work furnishes the plan of organization and the instructions (which the agents of the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work have been exceedingly influential in restoring and maintaining confidence among all the classes. The Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work may be regarded as a method of increasing farm crops and as logically the first step toward a true uplift, or it may be considered a system of rural education for boys and adults by which a readjustment of country life may be effected and placed upon a higher plane of profit, comfort, culture, influence and power. Because the first feature of this demonstration work is to show the farmer how he may more than double his crop at a reduced cost of production, it has been regarded by some solely as a method of increasing farm crops by applying scientific principles to the problem. This would be of great value to the world and would also stand as a sufficient justification for the efforts put forth and the expenditures involved, but such a conception would fall to convey the broader purpose of this work. There is much knowledge applicable and helpful to husbandry that is annually worked out and made available by the scientists in the United States department of agriculture and in the state experiment stations and by individual farmers on their farms, and which is sufficient to readjust agriculture and place it upon a basis of greater profit, to reconstruct the rural home, and to give to country life an attraction, a dignity, and a potential influence it has never received. This body of knowledge can not be conveyed and delivered by a written message to the people in such a way that they will accept and adopt it. This can only be done by personal appeal. SPECIAL UNION BREWING Company of Anaheim Brewers and Bottlers of the CELEBRATED Anaheim Beer Bottle Beer, doz. (large) - 90c Bottle “doz. (small) - 60c NOT INCLUDING BOTTLES Prompt delivery to all parts of the city. Family Trade solicited Phone Pacific 301 - Phone Home 1264 HENSHAW, BULKLEY & CO. 262-04 So. Los Angeles St. Los Angeles IRRIGATION PLANTS HENSHAW, BULKLEY & CO. 262-04 So. Los Angeles St. Los Angeles IRRIGATION PLANTS INSTALLED COMPLETE MACHINERY of all kinds, including road making machinery, levelers, scrapers, hardpan ploughs, etc. Full stock always on hand. GASOLINE ENGINES CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES In Orange County are recorded in the office of Williams Bros. Co. With advertising facilities unequalled by any other firm in California. Our matchless equipment of expert salesmen, and extensive automobile service for showing property, WE REACH THE BUYERS Do we sell to them? Our phenomenal list of sales tells the story. List your property where you can get quick action. Give us the right price, and we will do the rest. Williams Bros. Company J. B. ANDREWS, Mgr. Orange Co. Office Next to Santa Fe Depot, Anaheim Home 1631; Pacific 1651 Los Angeles Office, 236-237 H. W. Hellman Building PALACE MARKET WM. H. F. SCHUMACHER, Prop. DEALERS IN Choice Fresh and Salted Meats Exclusive Agents for Clover Glen Creamery Butter. Telephone Main 51 Meats Delivered to All Parts of the City PALACE MARKET WM. H. F. SCHUMACHER, Prop. DEALERS IN Choice Fresh and Salted Meats Exclusive Agents for Clover Glen Creamery Butter. Telephone Main 51 Meats Delivered to All Parts of the City ANAHEIM Cigar Factory ARNOLD & SON, Props. West Center St., Anaheim. Manufacturers of The Anaheim Eagle and Rosebud Cigars. We make a Specialty of Private Box Trade. Anaheim Bakery Peter Syre, Prop. Fresh Bread Cakes and Pies Confectionery, Etc. Wedding Cakes a Specialty Los Angeles and Express Sts. OLIVER HILL City Livery Stables Fashionable Outfits at Reasonable Rates. Elasltic Roof Coating, The Best on the market. A permanent waterproof enamel covering and preservative for all kinds of felt and metal roofing, also iron work. Fence posts dipped in this material will last for years. Try it and be convinced. HOLBROOK & ROSE, Sole Agents, Anaheim, California The Best Cuts of MEAT Can be had here any time. We don't reserve them for a favored few and compel the others to take what is left. First come is first served in this market. We believe in giving everybody a square deal. Also in selling the very best meat we can get hold of at the prices possible. Try us with an order. CITY MARKET F. W. FLEISCHMANN, Prop. Odd Fellow's Bldg., Center street. Phone: Pacific 201 FOR SALE Clean Alfalfa Hay On field or Delivered. JOHN F. ROE, Tanglewood Rd. Sunset Phone 262