anaheim-gazette 1908-11-05

A PRIMER OF CONSERVATION WISE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES GREAT QUESTION Prosperity of People Depends Upon Intelligence With Which These Resources Are Used—They Are the Final Basis of Our National Power The savage knows and confesses his dependence upon the forces of nature. His whole life is circumscribed by the resources of forest, field and stream. Indeed, he feels himself a part of nature and scarcely separates his fate from that of his surroundings. The game of the prairie, the forest, and the river, the berries and herbs in their season, and the living waters supply him with food and drink. With the changing seasons he moves from place to place pursuing plenty. He winters in rude huts filled with smoke from fires of fallen wood, hardly less at the mercy of the cold than the hibernating animals. In the spring he wakes with nature, and his summers are prosperous and happy only as the wild crops of field and forest are plentiful. He rises and lies down with the sun. He survives only as he observes nature and fits himself to her ways. But as savagery gives place to civilization, man frees himself more and more from those bonds which bound him so closely to nature. Slowly and painfully at first, and then far more rapidly and easily, he learns to control his material surroundings. He breaks the prairie with the plow, makes the beasts of the field his haustible resources, chief which are the mines, are certain as if were today, while those whose exhaustion is due not sity but to folly have no future we insure it by our own pre-It is clear, therefore, that tion how we shall make the of our natural resources, reand not renewable, is a press-tion of the hour. Where re-impossible there is need of the est economy, and where ren-be secured by prudence and the very existence of the mands that prudence and be exercised. This is the significance ofference of governors on the evation of natural resources in the White House, May 13th which took up for the first problems of conservation in details. In his conference addressident traced as follows the ionary changes which had place in our industrial life d century and a quarter since came a nation: "From the first beginning illization, on the banks of and the Euphrates, the progress of the world has slowly, with occasional setback on the whole steadily, throf of centuries to the present o f late the rapidity of ther has increased at such a more space has been actual ed during the century and a occupied by our national b during the preceding six years that take us back to liest monuments of Egypt, to liest cities of the Babyloni But as savagery gives place to civilization, man frees himself more and more from those bonds which bound him so closely to nature. Slowly and painfully at first, and then far more rapidly and easily, he learns to control his material surroundings. He breaks the prairie with the plow, makes the beasts of the field his servants, sticks the pick into the mountain and the ax into the veteran of the forest. He now no longer waits upon the seasons. He builds himself a house against the cold and warms himself to the point of comfort in the midst of the winter blast. Instead of passively accepting the wild fruits as they ripen he compels the soil to yield a harvest a millionfold more abundant, and this harvest he stores up against days of want. Instead of migrating with the birds he fixes his home where he will and pursues his work and his pleasure in his own time. Discovery and invention place new implements in his hands. With his intelligence quickened and his body trained by new experience and new occupations he continues to increase his mastery over time, temperature and place. New material riches become available. He is able to satisfy his wants more readily and more certainly than ever before. The standard of his living is raised. He now possesses and enjoys, besides all that his fathers required, a host of things of which they knew nothing. Wants multiply with prosperity, till his life becomes highly complex. He is lord of nature, because he has learned how to appropriate her sources. But if the resources of nature should fall, where would be his mastery then? This is the point which we commonly overlook. Man has laid nature under tribute, and has become powerful because nature was rich. Impoverish nature and her tribute stops. Ingenuity, capacity, labor, are incapable of extracting wealth from the gutted mine, from the fire-scorched brush land, from the sun-baked stream bed, from the impoverished slowly, with occasional setbacks on the whole steadily, through centuries to the present day of late the rapidity of these has increased at such a more space has been actually ed during the century and occupied by our national during the preceding six years that take us back to its last monuments of Egypt, to its last cities of the Babylonian. "When the founders of the met at Independence Hall,adelphia, the conditions of had not fundamentally change what they were when the Phkeels first furrowed the water Mediterranean. The different those of degree, not of kind, were not in all cases, even degree. Mining was carriedamentally as it had been carried by the Pharaohs in the countryside to the Red Sea. "The wares of the merchant Boston, of Charleston, like the merchants of Nineveh, if they went by water, wried by boats propelled by oars; if they went by land wried in wagons drawn by draft or in packs on the beasts of burden. The she crossed the high seas were than the ships that had one-ed the Aegean, but they were same type, after all—they were ships propelled by sails; land the roads were not as the roads of the Roman Empire the service of the posts wasably inferior. "In Washington's time coal was known only as a black stone; and the great bituminous coal were undiscovered. As steam was unknown, the coal for power production dreamed of. Water was prince only source of power, slave labor of men and animals; power was used only in the primitive fashion. But a feather depositories had been this country, and the use by our countrymen was very Wood was practically the only and what lumber was sawed This is the point which we commonly overlook. Man has laid nature under tribute, and has become powerful because nature was rich. Impoverish nature and her tribute stops. Ingenuity, capacity, labor, are incapable of extracting wealth from the gutted mine, from the fire-scorched brush land, from the sun-baked stream bed, from the impoverished soil. Civilization is achieved by the use of the resources of nature; it can endure no longer than the resources upon which it depends. Living as we do today in the midst of conveniences which give us apparent independence of nature, it is almost inevitable that we should lose sight of this truth. It is difficult for us to realize that we, standing at the height of western civilization, are in fact vastly more dependent upon tributary nature than is the savage of the South Seas. Suppose the coal supply should give out in the middle of winter? Suppose a huge conflagration should sweep our forests from the hillsides? Suppose sudden floods should lay waste our fertile farm lands, scoring them with gullies or heaping them with sand? Would not any single one of these calamities bring upon us incalculable losses and suffering? And yet these suppositions are not imaginary. We need to look only a very little way ahead, as things are going now, in order to see them realized, in effect. True, the failure of our resources will not come suddenly, and such of our resources as can be renewed need never fail if we use them wisely. But the ex- coal for power production dreamed of. Water was proven the only source of power, and labor of men and animals; power was used only in the primitive fashion. But a feather iron depositories had been built this country, and the use by our countrymen was veritable. Wood was practically the only resource and what lumber was sawed summed locally, while the forest regarded chiefly as obstruction to settlement and civilization. "Such was the degree of reliance on which civilized mankind retained when this nation became career. It is almost impossible us in this day to realize how our revolutionary ancestors chose the great store of natural richest discovery and use have such vital factors in the growth greatness of this nation, and able they required from this order to satisfy their needs. "Since then our knowledge of the resources of the present riches of the United States has crushed a hundredfold. India's growth of this nation by less bounds makes one of the most important chapters in history of the world. Its growth been due to the rapid development and alas! that it should be the rapid destruction of our resources. Nature has supplied us in the United States, and supplies to us, more kinds of richest in a more lavish degree than been the case at any other place with any other people. Our existence in the world has been attained." resources, chief among the mines, are coming to day, while those resources exhaustion is due not to necessity folly have no future unless it by our own prevision. ear, therefore, that the question we shall make the best use of natural resources, renewable, is a pressing quesstion hour. Where renewal is there is need of the strictity, and where renewal can be by prudence and foresight, existence of the nation deprived of prudence and foresight needed. the significance of the conservation governors on the conservation of natural resources held at House, May 13-15, 1908, took up for the first time the proof conservation in all its conference address the presided as follows the revolutions which have taken our industrial life during the second quarter since we beation: The first beginnings of civilization on the banks of the Nile Euphrates, the industrial world has gone on with occasional setbacks, but whole steadily, through tens of years to the present day. But the rapidity of the process based at such a rate that he has been actually covered the century and a quarter by our national life than preceding six thousand take us back to the earrments of Egypt, to the earrings of the Babylonian plain. extent and thoroughness of the control we have achieved over nature; but we are more, and not less, dependent upon what she furnishes than at any previous time of history since the days of primitive man."—President's opening address at the conference on the Conservation of Natural Resources, White House, May 13, 1908. A Few Statistics We are now cutting timber from the forests of the United States at the rate of 500 feet B. M. a year for every man, woman and child. In Europe they use only 60 board feet. At this rate, in less than thirty years all our remaining virgin timber will be cut. Meantime, the forests which have been cut over are generally in a bad way for want of care; they will produce only inferior second growth. We are clearly over the verge of a timber famine. This is not due to necessity, for the forests are one of the renewable resources. Rightly used, they go on producing crop after crop indefinitely. The countries of Europe know this, and Japan knows it; and their forests are becoming with time not less, but more productive. We probably still possess sufficient forest land to grow wood enough at home to supply our own needs. If we are not blind, or willfully wasteful, we may yet preserve our forest independence and, with it the fourth of our great industries. Present wastes in lumber production are enormous. Take the case of yellow pine, which now heads the list in the volume of annual cut. In 1907 it is estimated that only one-half of all the yellow pine cut during the season was used, and that the other half amounting to 8,000,000 with occasional setbacks, but whole steadily, through tens of times to the present day. But the rapidity of the process based at such a rate that there has been actually covered the century and a quarter by our national life than we preceding six thousand take us back to the earlments of Egypt, to the earlings of the Babylonian plain. The founders of this nation independence Hall, in Philly, the conditions of commerce fundamentally changed from where when the Phoenician furrowed the waters of the sea. The differences were degree, not of kind, and they in all cases, even those of mining was carried on fundless it had been carried on caroahs in the countries adhe Red Sea. Wares of the merchants of Charleston, like the wares merchants of Nineveh and Sidy went by water, were carboats propelled by sails or they went by land were caragons drawn by beasts of iron packs on the backs of burden. The ships that the high seas were better ships that had once cross-gean, but they were of the last after all—they were wood-propelled by sails; and on roads were not as good as of the Roman Empire, while one of the posts was proba- Washington's time anthracite known only as a useless mine; and the great fields of coal were undiscovered. It was unknown, the use of power production was unoff. Water was practically source of power, save the men and animals; and this is used only in the most fashion. But a few smallitories had been found in trry, and the use of iron countrymen was very small. It practically the only fuel, number was sawed was con- not blind, or willfully wasteful, we may yet preserve our forest independence and, with it the fourth of our great industries. Present wastes in lumber production are enormous. Take the case of yellow pine, which now heads the list in the volume of annual cut. In 1907 it is estimated that only one-half of all the yellow pine cut during the season was used, and that the other half, amounting to 8,000,000 cords, was wasted. Such waste is typical. R. A. Long, in his address on "Forest Conservation" at the conference, pointed out that 20 per cent of the yellow pine was simply left in the woods—a waste which represents the timber growing on 300,000 acres. The rest of the waste takes place at the mill. Of course, it would never do to speak of the material rejected at the mill as waste unless this material could be turned to use by some better and more thorough form of utilization. But in many cases we know, and in many other cases we have excellent reason to believe, that most, if not all, of this material could be used with profit. It is simply a question of intelligent investigation and, more than all, of having the will to economize. But there are other ways to conserve the forests besides cutting in half the present waste of forest products. The forests can be made to produce three or four times as rapidly as they do at present. This is true of both the virgin forests and the cut-over lands. Virgin forests are often fully stocked with first-class timber, but this stock has been laid in very slowly, on account of the wasteful competition which is carried on constantly between the rival trees. Then, too, in the virgin forests there are very many trees which have reached maturity and stopped growing, and these occupy space which if held by younger trees, would be laying in a new stock constantly. As regards the cut-over land, severe cutting, followed by fire, has checked growth so seriously that in most cases reproduction is both poor and slow while in many other cases there is no true forest reproduction at all at power production was unable. Water was practically source of power, save the seen and animals; and this used only in the most fashion. But a few small titories had been found in try, and the use of iron countrymen was very small. practically the only fuel, number was sawed was condently, while the forests were chiefly as obstructions to and civilization. has the degree of progress civilized mankind had atten this nation began its life is almost impossible for day to realize how little nationary ancestors knew of store of natural resources scovery and use have been factors in the growth and of this nation, and how litquired from this store in atisfy their needs. when our knowledge and use resources of the present terthe United States have inhundredfold. Indeed, the this nation by leaps and kines one of the most strikimportant chapters in the world. Its growth has to the rapid development, that it should be said, to destruction of our natural Nature has supplied to United States, and still supmore kinds of resources avish degree than has ever case at any other time or other people. Our position has been attained by the are very many trees which have reached maturity and stopped growing, and these occupy space which, if held by younger trees, would be laying in a new stock constantly. As regards the cut-over land, severe cutting, followed by fire, has checked growth so seriously that in most cases reproduction is both poor and slow while in many other cases there is no true forest reproduction at all at present, and there is but little hope for the future. In addressing the conference of governors, the Hon. William Jennings Bryan said: "No subject has been brought out more prominently at this conference than the subject of forestry, and it justifies the time devoted to it, for our timberlands touch our national interests at several points. Our use of lumber is enormous, but immense as would be the inconvenience and loss caused by the absence of lumber, the consequence of the destruction of our forests would be still more disastrous to the nation. 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